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Rätten att vara tyst i brottmålsprocessen – Förklaringsbördans relation till rätten till tystnad

Colin, Tim LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Enligt svensk processrätt råder som huvudregel fri bevisvärdering och fri bevisföring. Fri bevisföring innebär att det som utgångspunkt inte får finnas någon begränsning av vilken sorts bevisning som presenteras i en rättegång. Detta hänger samman med den fria bevisvärderingen som innebär att det inte finns några regler gällande hur en viss typ av bevisning får värderas.
Vidare har enligt artikel 6 i Europakonventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna och grundläggande friheterna var och en rätt till en rättvis rättegång. Enligt artikel 6 har alla också en rätt att betraktas som oskyldiga till dess att motsatsen är bevisad – denna princip kallas även oskyldighetspresumtionen. Av detta följer principen om att åklagaren ska bära... (More)
Enligt svensk processrätt råder som huvudregel fri bevisvärdering och fri bevisföring. Fri bevisföring innebär att det som utgångspunkt inte får finnas någon begränsning av vilken sorts bevisning som presenteras i en rättegång. Detta hänger samman med den fria bevisvärderingen som innebär att det inte finns några regler gällande hur en viss typ av bevisning får värderas.
Vidare har enligt artikel 6 i Europakonventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna och grundläggande friheterna var och en rätt till en rättvis rättegång. Enligt artikel 6 har alla också en rätt att betraktas som oskyldiga till dess att motsatsen är bevisad – denna princip kallas även oskyldighetspresumtionen. Av detta följer principen om att åklagaren ska bära bevisbördan.
I artikel 6 inbegrips en rätt för den som är anklagad för ett brott att vara tyst, även om det inte går att utläsa av ordalydelsen. Flertalet fall från Europadomstolen har konstaterat att rätten att vara tyst är en grundläggande del av artikel 6 och att denna som huvudregel inte får frångås. Rätten till tystnad gäller redan under förundersökningsstadiet och genom hela processen. En fråga som uppstått är om en tilltalads tystnad får ha negativ bevisverkan mot den tilltalade i en rättegång. Europadomstolen har konstaterat att rätten till tystnad inte är absolut. Tystnaden får därför ha negativ bevisverkan mot den tilltalade. Det förutsätts då att situationen är sådan att den uppenbart kräver en förklaring, vilket i svenska domstolar har kallats att den tilltalade har en förklaringsbörda.
Vad förklaringsbördan egentligen innebär och när den inträder har inte varit helt uppenbart vid en genomgång av rättsfall och bevisteoretisk doktrin. Efter den utredning som gjorts kan dock sägas att förklaringsbördan betyder att underlåtenhet att lämna en förklaring, eller en rimlig sådan, får negativ bevisverkan för den tilltalade.

En fråga som uppkommer är vad som menas med att avsaknaden av förklaring, med andra ord tystnaden, får negativ bevisverkan för den tilltalade. Av utredningen framgår att domstolen får dra slutsatsen av den tilltalades tystnad att det inte finns någon annan förklaring än den som åklagaren påstått, och att avsaknaden av den tilltalades egen bevisning leder till att åklagarens bevisning får högre beviskraft. Den tilltalades tystnad får alltså ingen egen beviskraft som ger stöd för åklagarens gärningsbeskrivning eftersom detta skulle strida mot rätten till tystnad. (Less)
Abstract
According to Swedish procedural law, the process of production of evidence and the evaluation of evidence should be free. That the production of evidence is free means that, as a general rule, there must be no restriction on the type of evidence presented in trial. This is connected with the free evaluation of evidence, which means that there must be no rules regarding how a certain type of evidence may be evaluated.
Furthermore, under Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, everyone has the right to a fair trial. Also, according to Article 6, everyone has the right to be considered innocent until proven guilty – a principle called the presumption of innocence. This results in the... (More)
According to Swedish procedural law, the process of production of evidence and the evaluation of evidence should be free. That the production of evidence is free means that, as a general rule, there must be no restriction on the type of evidence presented in trial. This is connected with the free evaluation of evidence, which means that there must be no rules regarding how a certain type of evidence may be evaluated.
Furthermore, under Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, everyone has the right to a fair trial. Also, according to Article 6, everyone has the right to be considered innocent until proven guilty – a principle called the presumption of innocence. This results in the principle that the burden of proofs lies with the prosecutor.
Article 6 includes a right for the person accused of a crime to remain silent, even if it is not possible to deduce from the wording of Article 6. Several cases from the European Court of Human Rights have ruled that the right to remain silent is a fundamental part of Article 6 and that, as a general rule, this must not be waived. The right to remain silent applies already during the preliminary investigation stage and throughout the entire criminal procedure A question that has arisen is whether a defendant's silence may have a negative evidentiary effect against the defendant in a trial.
The European Court of Justice has ruled that the right to remain silent is not absolute. The silence may therefore have a negative evidentiary effect on the defendant. It is then assumed that the situation is such that it obviously requires an explanation, which in Swedish courts has been called that the defendant has a burden of explanation.

What the burden of explanation really means, and when it arises, has been somewhat unclear when reviewing cases and evidence theory doctrine. However, after the investigation that has been made, it can be said that the burden of explanation means that failure to provide a statement, or a reasonable one, has a negative evidentiary effect on the defendant.
One question that arises is what is meant by the fact that the lack of explanation, in other words the silence, has a negative evidentiary effect on the accused. The investigation shows that the court may conclude from the defendant's silence that there is no other explanation than statement of the criminal act as charged by the prosecutor, and that the lack of the defendant's own evidence leads to the prosecutor's evidence gaining greater persuasiveness. The defendant's silence thus does not have its own evidential power that provides support for the prosecutor's statement of the criminal act as charged, as this would violate the right to remain silent. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Colin, Tim LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The right to remain silent in the criminal procedure – The burden of explanation in relation to the right to silence
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, rätten till tystnad, the right to remain silent
language
Swedish
id
9034296
date added to LUP
2021-01-23 14:25:34
date last changed
2021-01-23 14:25:34
@misc{9034296,
  abstract     = {{According to Swedish procedural law, the process of production of evidence and the evaluation of evidence should be free. That the production of evidence is free means that, as a general rule, there must be no restriction on the type of evidence presented in trial. This is connected with the free evaluation of evidence, which means that there must be no rules regarding how a certain type of evidence may be evaluated.
Furthermore, under Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, everyone has the right to a fair trial. Also, according to Article 6, everyone has the right to be considered innocent until proven guilty – a principle called the presumption of innocence. This results in the principle that the burden of proofs lies with the prosecutor.
Article 6 includes a right for the person accused of a crime to remain silent, even if it is not possible to deduce from the wording of Article 6. Several cases from the European Court of Human Rights have ruled that the right to remain silent is a fundamental part of Article 6 and that, as a general rule, this must not be waived. The right to remain silent applies already during the preliminary investigation stage and throughout the entire criminal procedure A question that has arisen is whether a defendant's silence may have a negative evidentiary effect against the defendant in a trial.
The European Court of Justice has ruled that the right to remain silent is not absolute. The silence may therefore have a negative evidentiary effect on the defendant. It is then assumed that the situation is such that it obviously requires an explanation, which in Swedish courts has been called that the defendant has a burden of explanation.

What the burden of explanation really means, and when it arises, has been somewhat unclear when reviewing cases and evidence theory doctrine. However, after the investigation that has been made, it can be said that the burden of explanation means that failure to provide a statement, or a reasonable one, has a negative evidentiary effect on the defendant.
One question that arises is what is meant by the fact that the lack of explanation, in other words the silence, has a negative evidentiary effect on the accused. The investigation shows that the court may conclude from the defendant's silence that there is no other explanation than statement of the criminal act as charged by the prosecutor, and that the lack of the defendant's own evidence leads to the prosecutor's evidence gaining greater persuasiveness. The defendant's silence thus does not have its own evidential power that provides support for the prosecutor's statement of the criminal act as charged, as this would violate the right to remain silent.}},
  author       = {{Colin, Tim}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Rätten att vara tyst i brottmålsprocessen – Förklaringsbördans relation till rätten till tystnad}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}