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Fordran och fordringsbeviset – Betydelsen av fordringsbevis för placering av bevisbördan samt dess bevisvärde i fordringsrättsliga mål

Persson, Gustav LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The traditional view in Swedish law is that a creditor who demands payment from a debtor based on an alleged loan must prove that a loan agreement has been concluded between the parties. This general rule was established by the Supreme Court of Sweden in case NJA 1975 p. 577 and has ever since been the principle. In connection with the 1975 decision, the Supreme Court launched a special presumption rule. The judges in the Supreme Court discussed that it may be possible to deviate from the general rule if the creditor invokes a promissory note to support his statement. The holding of a promissory note could then have a reversing effect on the burden of proof. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about a document of proof... (More)
The traditional view in Swedish law is that a creditor who demands payment from a debtor based on an alleged loan must prove that a loan agreement has been concluded between the parties. This general rule was established by the Supreme Court of Sweden in case NJA 1975 p. 577 and has ever since been the principle. In connection with the 1975 decision, the Supreme Court launched a special presumption rule. The judges in the Supreme Court discussed that it may be possible to deviate from the general rule if the creditor invokes a promissory note to support his statement. The holding of a promissory note could then have a reversing effect on the burden of proof. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about a document of proof (Sw: fordringsbevis) and its importance for the burden of proof in receivable cases.

Using the legal research method and a legal analytical method this thesis examines the extent to which the burden-of-proof rule, and the presumption rule has been applied in recent case law from the Supreme Court and in the lower courts. The Supreme Court has never applied the presumption rule, but it has been applied several times in the lower courts. Through a survey of lower court practice, a case analysis has been carried out to examine what quality requirements a promissory note needs to have and which other criteria that are required for the presumption rule to be considered applicable. The decisive factor for the promissory note to have the effect of reversing the burden of proof, seems to be that the provisions of the Act on Instrument on Debt (1936:81) (Sw: skuldebrevslagen) are to be considered applicable to the document and that there are otherwise no doubts about the promissory note's preparation and design. In cases where a promissory note does not have a burden-of-proof reversing effect, a promissory note and other types of debt securities have a very strong probative value for the underlying claim. Deviations from the burden-of-proof rule have been made when the defendant objects to the plaintiff's claim that an amount of money that has been transferred from the plaintiff to the defendant constituted a gift. Due to legal policy reasons, the defendant in such a situation has been assigned the burden of proof.

A common objection from the debtor to the plaintiff’s claim is that an invoked document is not genuine or that the content in the document is forged. In NJA 1976 p. 667 the Supreme Court found it overwhelmingly probable that the document was genuine, and it was accepted as proof that the creditor and the debtor had a loan agreement. In the case, the Supreme Court created a special burden-of-proof rule for evidentiary facts. The case has been subjected to extensive discussion in doctrine and this thesis examines how the Supreme Court justified such a special burden-of-proof rule and what legal consequences it has given rise to. Objections concerning counterfeits have been dealt with differently in more recent case law from the Supreme Court due to different legal policy motives. The lower courts’ interpretations and applications of the precedents vary. The question of the authenticity of the document is often assessed separately. In some cases when it is clarified that the document is genuine, a loan agreement has been presumed to exist however, the burden of proof for the document’s accuracy has shifted. In some cases, the burden of proof has been placed on the person who claims that the document or the content of the document is genuine, and in some other cases on the person who claims that the document is forged or has a false content. It seems unclear whether an objection that a document is not genuine or that the content in the document is forged, should be treated as a burden-of-proof rule issue or not. From a legal security perspective, the problem is self-evident which is illustrated in the concluding section of the work. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Den traditionella synen i fordringsmål är att den borgenär som kräver betalning på grund av påstådd försträckning måste styrka att denne har en fordran mot utpekad gäldenär. Denna utgångspunkt slogs fast i Högsta domstolens dom NJA 1975 s. 577 och har sedan dess varit huvudregeln i fordringsmål. I samband med 1975 års avgörande lanserades en särskild presumtionsregel. Högsta domstolen menade att det kan vara möjligt att göra avsteg från borgenärens bevisbörda för det fall att borgenären åberopar ett skuldebrev till stöd för sin talan. Innehavet av ett skuldebrev skulle då kunna få en så kallad bevisbördeomkastande effekt.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka kunskapen om fordringsbevisens betydelse för bevisbördans placering i fordringsmål.... (More)
Den traditionella synen i fordringsmål är att den borgenär som kräver betalning på grund av påstådd försträckning måste styrka att denne har en fordran mot utpekad gäldenär. Denna utgångspunkt slogs fast i Högsta domstolens dom NJA 1975 s. 577 och har sedan dess varit huvudregeln i fordringsmål. I samband med 1975 års avgörande lanserades en särskild presumtionsregel. Högsta domstolen menade att det kan vara möjligt att göra avsteg från borgenärens bevisbörda för det fall att borgenären åberopar ett skuldebrev till stöd för sin talan. Innehavet av ett skuldebrev skulle då kunna få en så kallad bevisbördeomkastande effekt.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka kunskapen om fordringsbevisens betydelse för bevisbördans placering i fordringsmål. Med hjälp av den rättsdogmatiska och rättsanalytiska metoden undersöks i vilken utsträckning bevisbörderegeln och presumtionsregeln har tillämpats i senare rättspraxis från Högsta domstolen samt i underrätterna. Högsta domstolen har aldrig tillämpat presumtionsregeln men den har tillämpats ett antal gånger i underrätterna. Genom en kartläggning av underrättspraxis görs en rättsfallsanalys för att utröna vilka kvalitetskrav ett skuldebrev behöver inneha och vilka övriga kriterier som krävs för att presumtionsregeln ska anses vara tillämplig. Det avgörande för att skuldebrevet ska få en bevisbördeomkastande effekt är att skuldebrevslagen (1936:81) anses vara tillämplig på handlingen och att det i övrigt inte finns några tveksamheter kring skuldebrevets upprättande och utformning. För det fall ett skuldebrev inte får bevisbördeomkastande verkan har ett skuldebrev och andra typer av fordringsbevis ett starkt bevisvärde för det bakomliggande fordringsförhållandet. Avsteg från bevisbörderegeln har gjorts när svaranden invänder mot kärandens försträckningspåstående att överfört belopp från käranden till svaranden utgjort en gåva. På grund av rättspolitiska skäl har svaranden i en sådan situation fått bevisbördan.

En vanlig invändning från gäldenären mot kärandens åberopade fordringsbevis är att handlingen är oäkta eller att innehållet i handlingen i något avseende är förfalskat. I NJA 1976 s. 667 fann Högsta domstolen det övervägande sannolikt att handlingen var äkta och skulle därför godtas som fordringsbevis. Högsta domstolen ställde upp en särskild bevisbörderegel för bevisfakta. Målet har varit föremål för en omfattande diskussion i doktrin och uppsatsen behandlar hur Högsta domstolen motiverat en sådan särskild bevisbörderegel och vilka rättsliga konsekvenser det givit upphov till. Förfalskningsinvändningar mot ett åberopat fordringsbevis har hanterats olika i senare rättspraxis på grund av olika rättspolitiska motiv. Tolkningen och tillämpningen av prejudikaten i underrätterna har lett till en systemfrämmande rättstillämpning. Underrätterna bryter ofta ut frågan om handlingens riktighet i en särskild fråga. I en del fall där det bedömts att handlingen är äkta har ett fordringsförhållande presumerats föreligga. Bevisbördan för handlingens riktighet har dock skiftat. I ett antal fall har bevisbördan placerats på den som påstår att handlingen eller innehållet i handlingen är äkta och i en del andra fall på den som påstår att handlingen är oäkta eller har ett förfalskat innehåll. Det framstår som oklart om en invändning om underskrifts- eller innehållsförfalskning ska hanteras som en bevisbördefråga. Ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv är problematiken självklar vilket åskådliggörs i arbetets avslutande avsnitt. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Persson, Gustav LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Receivables and the proof of claim – The importance of a document of proof for placing the burden of proof and its probative value in receivables cases
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Civilprocessrätt, Processrätt, Civilrätt, Fordringsrätt, NJA 1975 s. 577, NJA 1976 s. 667, Fordran, Fordringsbevis, Skuldebrev, Försträckning, Bevis, Bevisbörda, Bevispresumtion, Beviskrav, Skenhandling, Förfalskning
language
Swedish
id
9034413
date added to LUP
2021-01-25 11:10:27
date last changed
2021-01-25 11:10:27
@misc{9034413,
  abstract     = {{The traditional view in Swedish law is that a creditor who demands payment from a debtor based on an alleged loan must prove that a loan agreement has been concluded between the parties. This general rule was established by the Supreme Court of Sweden in case NJA 1975 p. 577 and has ever since been the principle. In connection with the 1975 decision, the Supreme Court launched a special presumption rule. The judges in the Supreme Court discussed that it may be possible to deviate from the general rule if the creditor invokes a promissory note to support his statement. The holding of a promissory note could then have a reversing effect on the burden of proof. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about a document of proof (Sw: fordringsbevis) and its importance for the burden of proof in receivable cases.

Using the legal research method and a legal analytical method this thesis examines the extent to which the burden-of-proof rule, and the presumption rule has been applied in recent case law from the Supreme Court and in the lower courts. The Supreme Court has never applied the presumption rule, but it has been applied several times in the lower courts. Through a survey of lower court practice, a case analysis has been carried out to examine what quality requirements a promissory note needs to have and which other criteria that are required for the presumption rule to be considered applicable. The decisive factor for the promissory note to have the effect of reversing the burden of proof, seems to be that the provisions of the Act on Instrument on Debt (1936:81) (Sw: skuldebrevslagen) are to be considered applicable to the document and that there are otherwise no doubts about the promissory note's preparation and design. In cases where a promissory note does not have a burden-of-proof reversing effect, a promissory note and other types of debt securities have a very strong probative value for the underlying claim. Deviations from the burden-of-proof rule have been made when the defendant objects to the plaintiff's claim that an amount of money that has been transferred from the plaintiff to the defendant constituted a gift. Due to legal policy reasons, the defendant in such a situation has been assigned the burden of proof.

A common objection from the debtor to the plaintiff’s claim is that an invoked document is not genuine or that the content in the document is forged. In NJA 1976 p. 667 the Supreme Court found it overwhelmingly probable that the document was genuine, and it was accepted as proof that the creditor and the debtor had a loan agreement. In the case, the Supreme Court created a special burden-of-proof rule for evidentiary facts. The case has been subjected to extensive discussion in doctrine and this thesis examines how the Supreme Court justified such a special burden-of-proof rule and what legal consequences it has given rise to. Objections concerning counterfeits have been dealt with differently in more recent case law from the Supreme Court due to different legal policy motives. The lower courts’ interpretations and applications of the precedents vary. The question of the authenticity of the document is often assessed separately. In some cases when it is clarified that the document is genuine, a loan agreement has been presumed to exist however, the burden of proof for the document’s accuracy has shifted. In some cases, the burden of proof has been placed on the person who claims that the document or the content of the document is genuine, and in some other cases on the person who claims that the document is forged or has a false content. It seems unclear whether an objection that a document is not genuine or that the content in the document is forged, should be treated as a burden-of-proof rule issue or not. From a legal security perspective, the problem is self-evident which is illustrated in the concluding section of the work.}},
  author       = {{Persson, Gustav}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Fordran och fordringsbeviset – Betydelsen av fordringsbevis för placering av bevisbördan samt dess bevisvärde i fordringsrättsliga mål}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}