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Kapitalförsäkring - Är skattelagstiftningen rätt i tiden?

Björnberg, Fredrik LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Endowment insurance is today a standard taxed form of savings. Assets held on an endowment insurance issued by a Swedish life insurance company are owned by and taxed by the insurance company. The policyholder, who can be either a natural or a legal person, is charged on an ongoing basis for the assets in the insurance by taxing a standard income with yield tax. Another standard-taxed form of savings in addition to endowment insurance is savings in investment savings accounts, which are also taxed by taking up a standard income from the individual. The big difference between these two forms of savings is that the latter is a pure saving without insurance elements. By insurance element is meant here an insurance risk that must always be... (More)
Endowment insurance is today a standard taxed form of savings. Assets held on an endowment insurance issued by a Swedish life insurance company are owned by and taxed by the insurance company. The policyholder, who can be either a natural or a legal person, is charged on an ongoing basis for the assets in the insurance by taxing a standard income with yield tax. Another standard-taxed form of savings in addition to endowment insurance is savings in investment savings accounts, which are also taxed by taking up a standard income from the individual. The big difference between these two forms of savings is that the latter is a pure saving without insurance elements. By insurance element is meant here an insurance risk that must always be present in an endowment insurance. The work shows that this insurance risk in an endowment insurance can be almost non-existent in comparison with the investment risk when saving in financial instruments. Savings in endowment insurance can therefore in this perspective be compared with savings in investment savings accounts. There is therefore an interest in studying how these two standard taxed forms of savings are regulated from a tax law point of view, including which different types of assets can be included in each form of savings and how assets can be transferred to these savings forms.

Some endowment insurances are designed so that the policyholder himself can, within certain limits, choose which financial instruments can be placed in the insurance. This type of insurance does not have explicit rules or general guidelines for the types of assets that can be invested in them. Judgements from the Supreme Administrative Court regarding assets on endowment insurances show that endowment insurances in the cases in question has not been rejected as insurance due to that the insurance capital has been invested in certain types of assets, but rather due to too low insurance element or to avoid taxation.

Investment savings accounts, on the other hand, have a statutory restriction on which assets can be placed in the account. These are characterized by other things, the fact that they are traded on a regulated market. The standard taxation is based on the value of the insurance / investment savings account being read during the tax year. However, there is no limit to the types of assets that can be included in an endowment insurance where the policyholder bears the financial risk. If, for example, unlisted shares are invested in an endowment insurance, the asset valuation is thus made more difficult, which can result in too low respectively too high taxation for the taxpayer. This may be considered problematic and especially given that the legislator's objective was to create a neutrality between the two standard taxed forms of savings when introducing the rules for investment savings accounts.

Standard taxation is a system that applies in addition to the ordinary system for capital gains taxation. If it is to be possible to transfer assets between these systems, it is essential that there are safeguard provisions against undesirable tax consequences in the case of such transfers. The rules on investment savings accounts are designed so that capital gains taxation takes place when assets are transferred to an investment savings account. There is no corresponding provision for the transfer of assets to an endowment insurance. In the absence of regulations, the legal situation whether capital gains taxation is to be done when transferring investments into an endowment insurance must be said to be unclear. From a fiscal perspective, it may be considered problematic whether assets with deferred tax liabilities can be invested in endowment insurance without tax consequences, with the result that the policyholder - after the insurance company has completed a sale - can dispose the capital gain tax-free.

With these problems and ambiguities in mind, I believe that legislative actions are necessary. By either limiting the types of assets that can be stored on an endowment insurance or by regulating which assets are to be covered by the standard taxation, greater neutrality between the standard taxed forms of savings should be achieved than is the case today. Furthermore, I consider it necessary to introduce a more detailed regulation on how a transfer of assets for investment in an own endowment insurance is to be treated for tax purposes. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Kapitalförsäkringar är idag en schablonbeskattad sparform. Tillgångar som innehas på en kapitalförsäkring som ges ut av ett svenskt livförsäkringsbolag ägs av och beskattas hos försäkringsbolaget. Försäkringstagaren, som antingen kan vara en fysisk eller en juridisk person, debiteras löpande för tillgångarna i försäkringen genom att en schablonberäknad intäkt beskattas med avkastningsskatt. En annan schablonbeskattad sparform vid sidan av kapitalförsäkringar är sparande i investeringssparkonto som även den beskattas genom att en schablonintäkt tas upp hos den enskilda. Den stora skillnaden mellan dessa båda sparformer är att den senare är ett rent sparande utan försäkringsinslag. Med försäkringsinslag menas här en försäkringsrisk som... (More)
Kapitalförsäkringar är idag en schablonbeskattad sparform. Tillgångar som innehas på en kapitalförsäkring som ges ut av ett svenskt livförsäkringsbolag ägs av och beskattas hos försäkringsbolaget. Försäkringstagaren, som antingen kan vara en fysisk eller en juridisk person, debiteras löpande för tillgångarna i försäkringen genom att en schablonberäknad intäkt beskattas med avkastningsskatt. En annan schablonbeskattad sparform vid sidan av kapitalförsäkringar är sparande i investeringssparkonto som även den beskattas genom att en schablonintäkt tas upp hos den enskilda. Den stora skillnaden mellan dessa båda sparformer är att den senare är ett rent sparande utan försäkringsinslag. Med försäkringsinslag menas här en försäkringsrisk som alltid måste finnas i kapitalförsäkringar. Av arbetet framgår att denna försäkringsrisk i kapitalförsäkringar kan vara nästintill obefintlig i jämförelse med investeringsrisken vid sparande i finansiella instrument. Sparande i kapitalförsäkring kan därför i detta perspektiv jämföras med sparande i investeringssparkonto. Det finns därför ett intresse av att studera hur dessa båda schablonbeskattade sparformer regleras ur skatterättslig synvinkel, bland annat beträffande vilka olika typer av tillgångar som kan ingå i respektive sparform och hur tillgångar kan föras över till dessa sparformer.

En del kapitalförsäkringar är utformade så att försäkringstagaren själv inom vissa ramar kan välja vilka finansiella instrument som kan placeras i försäkringen. Den här typen av försäkring saknar uttryckliga regler eller allmänna råd för vilka typer av tillgångar som kan placeras i dem. Av avgöranden från Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen gällande tillgångar på kapitalförsäkringar framgår att kapitalförsäkringar i de aktuella fallen inte har underkänts som försäkring på grund av att försäkringskapitalet investerats i viss typ av tillgångar, utan snarare på grund av ett för lågt försäkringsinslag eller för att undkomma beskattning.

Investeringssparkonton har däremot en lagstadgad begränsning i vilka tillgångar som kan placeras på kontot. Dessa kännetecknas av att de bland annat handlas på en reglerad marknad. Schablonbeskattningen bygger på att värdet på försäkringen/investeringssparkontot kan läsas av under beskattningsåret. Någon begränsning för vilka tillgångstyper som kan ingå i en kapitalförsäkring där försäkringstagaren står den finansiella risken finns däremot inte. Om exempelvis onoterade aktier placeras i en kapitalförsäkring försvåras därmed tillgångsvärderingen, vilket kan resultera i för lågt respektive för högt skatteuttag för den skattskyldiga. Detta får anses problematiskt och i synnerhet med tanke på att lagstiftaren haft som målsättning att skapa en neutralitet mellan de båda schablonbeskattade sparformerna vid införandet av reglerna för investeringssparkonto.

Schablonbeskattning är ett system som gäller vid sidan av det ordinarie systemet för kapitalvinstbeskattning. Om det ska vara möjligt att flytta tillgångar mellan dessa system är det väsentligt att det finns skyddsbestämmelser mot oönskade beskattningskonsekvenser vid den typen av överföringar. Reglerna om investeringssparkonton är utformade så att kapitalvinstbeskattning sker när tillgångar flyttas till ett investeringssparkonto. Någon motsvarande bestämmelse finns inte för överföring av tillgångar till en kapitalförsäkring. I brist på bestämmelser får rättsläget beträffande om kapitalvinstbeskattning ska vid överföring för placering i en egen kapitalförsäkring sägas vara oklart. Det får ur ett fiskalt perspektiv anses problematiskt om värdepapper med latenta skatteskulder kan placeras i en kapitalförsäkring utan skattekonsekvenser med följden att försäkringstagaren – efter det att försäkringsföretaget genomfört en försäljning – kan disponera kapitalvinsten skattefritt.

Med dessa problem och oklarheter i åtanke anser jag att lagstiftningsåtgärder är nödvändiga. Genom att antingen begränsa vilka typer att tillgångar som kan förvaras på en kapitalförsäkring eller genom att reglera vilka tillgångar som ska omfattas av schablonbeskattningen bör man uppnå en större neutralitet mellan de schablonbeskattade sparformerna än vad fallet är idag. Vidare anser jag det nödvändigt att det införs en närmare reglering över hur en överföring av tillgångar för placering i en egen kapitalförsäkring ska behandlas skattemässigt. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Björnberg, Fredrik LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Endowment insurance - Is the tax legislation up to date?
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Kapitalförsäkring, skatterätt, depåförsäkring, fondförsäkring, försäkringsrisk, investeringssparkonto, försäkringsinslag
language
Swedish
id
9046147
date added to LUP
2021-06-21 07:55:21
date last changed
2021-06-21 07:55:21
@misc{9046147,
  abstract     = {{Endowment insurance is today a standard taxed form of savings. Assets held on an endowment insurance issued by a Swedish life insurance company are owned by and taxed by the insurance company. The policyholder, who can be either a natural or a legal person, is charged on an ongoing basis for the assets in the insurance by taxing a standard income with yield tax. Another standard-taxed form of savings in addition to endowment insurance is savings in investment savings accounts, which are also taxed by taking up a standard income from the individual. The big difference between these two forms of savings is that the latter is a pure saving without insurance elements. By insurance element is meant here an insurance risk that must always be present in an endowment insurance. The work shows that this insurance risk in an endowment insurance can be almost non-existent in comparison with the investment risk when saving in financial instruments. Savings in endowment insurance can therefore in this perspective be compared with savings in investment savings accounts. There is therefore an interest in studying how these two standard taxed forms of savings are regulated from a tax law point of view, including which different types of assets can be included in each form of savings and how assets can be transferred to these savings forms.

Some endowment insurances are designed so that the policyholder himself can, within certain limits, choose which financial instruments can be placed in the insurance. This type of insurance does not have explicit rules or general guidelines for the types of assets that can be invested in them. Judgements from the Supreme Administrative Court regarding assets on endowment insurances show that endowment insurances in the cases in question has not been rejected as insurance due to that the insurance capital has been invested in certain types of assets, but rather due to too low insurance element or to avoid taxation.

Investment savings accounts, on the other hand, have a statutory restriction on which assets can be placed in the account. These are characterized by other things, the fact that they are traded on a regulated market. The standard taxation is based on the value of the insurance / investment savings account being read during the tax year. However, there is no limit to the types of assets that can be included in an endowment insurance where the policyholder bears the financial risk. If, for example, unlisted shares are invested in an endowment insurance, the asset valuation is thus made more difficult, which can result in too low respectively too high taxation for the taxpayer. This may be considered problematic and especially given that the legislator's objective was to create a neutrality between the two standard taxed forms of savings when introducing the rules for investment savings accounts.

Standard taxation is a system that applies in addition to the ordinary system for capital gains taxation. If it is to be possible to transfer assets between these systems, it is essential that there are safeguard provisions against undesirable tax consequences in the case of such transfers. The rules on investment savings accounts are designed so that capital gains taxation takes place when assets are transferred to an investment savings account. There is no corresponding provision for the transfer of assets to an endowment insurance. In the absence of regulations, the legal situation whether capital gains taxation is to be done when transferring investments into an endowment insurance must be said to be unclear. From a fiscal perspective, it may be considered problematic whether assets with deferred tax liabilities can be invested in endowment insurance without tax consequences, with the result that the policyholder - after the insurance company has completed a sale - can dispose the capital gain tax-free.

With these problems and ambiguities in mind, I believe that legislative actions are necessary. By either limiting the types of assets that can be stored on an endowment insurance or by regulating which assets are to be covered by the standard taxation, greater neutrality between the standard taxed forms of savings should be achieved than is the case today. Furthermore, I consider it necessary to introduce a more detailed regulation on how a transfer of assets for investment in an own endowment insurance is to be treated for tax purposes.}},
  author       = {{Björnberg, Fredrik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Kapitalförsäkring - Är skattelagstiftningen rätt i tiden?}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}