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Avtal och avhjälpandeansvar - en studie om civilrättsliga avtals betydelse för fördelningen av avhjälpandeansvaret i 10 kap. MB

Nylander, Klara LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Förorenade områden har länge varit ett stort miljöproblem i Sverige. Kostnaden för att avhjälpa föroreningsskador är ofta stor. I syfte att undvika att sådana kostnader belastar stadsbudgeten har regler om avhjälpandeansvar förts in i 10 kap. MB. I första hand åligger avhjälpandeansvaret verksamhetsutövaren, det vill säga den som bedriver eller har bedrivit en verksamhet eller vidtagit en åtgärd som bidragit till en föroreningsskada. Verksamhetsutövaransvaret grundar sig på principen om att förorenaren ska betala. Begreppet verksamhetsutövare definieras inte närmare i 10 kap. MB utan har överlämnats till rättstillämpningen att avgöra. Begreppet har givits en vid tolkning i praxis och utvidgas allt mer.

Att flera verksamhetsutövare är... (More)
Förorenade områden har länge varit ett stort miljöproblem i Sverige. Kostnaden för att avhjälpa föroreningsskador är ofta stor. I syfte att undvika att sådana kostnader belastar stadsbudgeten har regler om avhjälpandeansvar förts in i 10 kap. MB. I första hand åligger avhjälpandeansvaret verksamhetsutövaren, det vill säga den som bedriver eller har bedrivit en verksamhet eller vidtagit en åtgärd som bidragit till en föroreningsskada. Verksamhetsutövaransvaret grundar sig på principen om att förorenaren ska betala. Begreppet verksamhetsutövare definieras inte närmare i 10 kap. MB utan har överlämnats till rättstillämpningen att avgöra. Begreppet har givits en vid tolkning i praxis och utvidgas allt mer.

Att flera verksamhetsutövare är ansvariga för samma förorening är inte ovanligt. Det kan röra sig om situationer då flera verksamhetsutövare samtidigt bedrivit olika förorenande verksamheter i samma område eller då flera verksamhetsutövare bedrivit en förorenande verksamhet på samma fastighet under olika tidsperioder. När flera verksamhetsutövare är ansvariga för samma förorening är ansvaret dem emellan solidariskt enligt 10 kap. 6 § MB i den mån ansvaret inte är begränsat enligt 10 kap. 4 § MB. Hur förhållandet mellan paragraferna ska tolkas är omdiskuterat. Den skadeståndsrättsliga tolkningen tar sin utgångspunkt i civilrättsliga principer och innebär att om ansvaret kan begränsas enligt 4 § kan ansvar inte utkrävas för mer än detta. Det solidariska ansvaret får därför främst betydelse när det inte är möjligt att dela upp ansvaret mellan de olika verksamhetsutövarna. Den förvaltningsrättsliga tolkningen tar inte hänsyn till att en enskild verksamhetsutövares ansvar kan begränsas. Vem som helst av de solidariskt ansvariga verksamhetsutövarna kan därför föreläggas att avhjälpa hela föroreningsskadan. I valet av tolkningsmetod uppstår en tydlig motsättning mellan civilrättsliga och offentligrättsliga principer. Sedan Mark- och miljööverdomstolen genom avgörandet MÖD 2014:2 konstaterat att det inte är möjligt att utvidga det ansvar som det allmänna kan åberopa enligt 4 § genom det solidariska ansvaret i 6 § föreligger det starkt stöd för att den skadeståndsrättsliga tolkningen gäller. Den förvaltningsrättsliga tolkningen förespråkas dock fortsatt i doktrin och även fått genomslag i underinstansavgöranden.

Den verksamhetsutövare som har bekostat ett avhjälpande har möjlighet enligt 10 kap. 6 § att kräva ersättning från övriga ansvariga verksamhetsutövare genom en så kallad regresstalan. Fördelningen av avhjälpandeansvaret ska enligt 6 § andra stycket bestämmas efter vad som är skäligt med hänsyn till den omfattning som var och en har bidragit till föroreningen och till omständigheterna i övrigt. Det finns bara ett fåtal överinstansavgöranden som rör frågan om hur ansvaret ska fördelas i regressledet. Sedan Mark- och miljööverdomstolens avgörande i MÖD 2012:59 står det dock klart att parternas civilrättsliga avtal är en sådan omständighet i övrigt som kan påverka fördelningen. För att ett civilrättsligt avtal ska beaktas följer av Mark- och miljööverdomstolens praxis att det tydligt ska framgå av avtalet att parternas avsikt varit att fördela avhjälpandeansvaret. I ett underinstansavgörande från 2020 har mark- och miljödomstolen vid Östersunds tingsrätt frångått det tidigare uppställda tydlighetskravet och funnit att ett koncerninternt överlåtelseavtal omfattat överlåtelse av avhjälpandeansvar för eventuella föroreningar trots att det inte tydligt framgått av avtalet. Mark- och miljödomstolen grundade sin bedömning på att syftet med överlåtelsen varit att överföra tillgångar, skulder och personal mellan bolagen i avsikt att uppnå en samstämmighet för visst ansvar i verksamheterna. Domstolen beaktade också det övergripande syftet inom koncernen som varit att renodla verksamheterna. Avgörandet bör inte tolkas som att tydlighetskravet är överspelat men väcker ett antal frågor kring hur avtal mellan verksamhetsutövare ska bedömas.

För näringslivets aktörer är det önskvärt att civilrättsliga avtal tas hänsyn till även i tidigare skede än vid en regresstalan. Det föreligger inget hinder för tillsynsmyndigheten att beakta parternas inbördes avtal vid dess inledande föreläggande om ansvar. Ett sådant beaktande skulle bidra till att avhjälpandet betalas ur ”rätt kassa” på en gång och minska behovet av att föra regresstalan. Kan parterna lita på att tillsynsmyndigheten tar hänsyn till inbördes avtal kan det dessutom sannolikt bidra till att parterna hanterar frågan om avhjälpandeansvar för föroreningen i större utsträckning redan i förhandlingar inför bolags- och fastighetsöverlåtelser. Det är dock viktigt att det ställs höga krav på parternas inbördes avtal för att dessa ska kunna påverka fördelningen av avhjälpandeansvaret. Avhjälpandeansvaret är betungande och det bör därför tydligt framgå att parterna varit medvetna om att ansvaret varit en del av avtalet. Det bör också ställas krav på solvens för den part som åtagit sig avhjälpandeansvaret i ett avtal för att avtalet ska beaktas. Om ett sådant krav inte ställs är risken att det uppstår ett ”målvaktssystem” där förorenande bolag skriver över avhjälpandeansvaret på ett bolag som varken har ekonomisk möjlighet eller för avsikt att avhjälpa föroreningar. (Less)
Abstract
Contaminated areas have long been a major environmental problem in Sweden. The cost of repairing pollution damage is often high. In order to avoid such costs being charged to the national budget rules on remedial liability have been introduced in Chapter 10 of the Environmental Code. The primary liability lies with the operator, i.e. the one who conducts or has conducted an activity or taken measure that has contributed to a pollution damage. Operator liability is based on the Polluter Pays Principle. The concept of the operator is not further defined in Chapter 10 of the Environmental Code but has been handed over to law enforcement to decide. The concept has been given a broad interpretation in practice and is being expanded more and... (More)
Contaminated areas have long been a major environmental problem in Sweden. The cost of repairing pollution damage is often high. In order to avoid such costs being charged to the national budget rules on remedial liability have been introduced in Chapter 10 of the Environmental Code. The primary liability lies with the operator, i.e. the one who conducts or has conducted an activity or taken measure that has contributed to a pollution damage. Operator liability is based on the Polluter Pays Principle. The concept of the operator is not further defined in Chapter 10 of the Environmental Code but has been handed over to law enforcement to decide. The concept has been given a broad interpretation in practice and is being expanded more and more.

It is common that various operators are liable for the same pollution damage. These may be situations where various operators have simultaneously conducted different polluting activities in the same area or when various operators have conducted polluting activities on the same property during different time periods. When various operators are liable for the same pollution, the liability between them is joint and several in accordance with Chapter 10 § 6 of the Environmental Code to the extent that the liability is not limited according to Chapter 10 § 4 of the Environmental Code. How the ratio between the paragraphs should be interpreted is debated. The tort law interpretation is based on civil law principles and means that if the liability can be limited in accordance with § 4, liability cannot be claimed for more than this. The joint and several liability is therefore mainly important when it is not possible to distribute the liability between the various operators. The administrative law interpretation on the other hand does not take into account that the liability of an individual operator can be limited. Any of the jointly and severally liable operators can therefore be ordered to remedy the entire pollution damage. In the choice of interpretation method, a clear contradiction arises between civil law and public law principles. Since the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal in its judgement MÖD 2014:2 found that it is not possible to extend the liability that the public can invoke according to § 4 through the joint and several liability in § 6, there is strong support for the tort law interpretation to apply. However, the administrative law interpretation continues to be advocated in the doctrine and has also had an impact in lower court decisions.

The operator who has paid for a remedy has the opportunity according to Chapter 10 § 6 of the Environmental Code to claim compensation from other liable operators through a so-called recourse action. The distribution of remedial liability shall, in accordance with § 6 be determined according to what is reasonable with regard to the extent to which each operator has contributed to the pollution and to the circumstances in general. There are only a few higher court decisions that concern the question of how the liability should be distributed at the recourse stage. However, since the judgement of the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal in MÖD 2012:59, it is clear that the parties' civil law agreement is such a circumstance in general that may affect the distribution. In order for a civil law agreement to be taken into account, it follows from the practice of the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal that it must be clear from the agreement that the parties' intention was to distribute the remedial liability. In a lower court decision from 2020, the Land and Environment Court at Östersund District Court has deviated from the previously set clarity requirement and found that an intra-group transfer agreement included the transfer of remedial liability for any pollution despite it not being clearly stated in the agreement. The Land and Environment Court based its assessment on the fact that the purpose of the transfer was to transfer assets, liabilities and personnel between the companies with the intention of achieving a consensus for certain responsibilities. The court also took into account the overall purpose within the Group, which was to streamline operations. The ruling should not for be interpreted as an overriding of the requirement of clarity. However, it raises a number of questions about how agreements between operators should be assessed.

For economic operators it is desirable that civil law agreements are taken into account even at an earlier stage than in a recourse action. There is no obstacle for the regulatory authority to take into account the parties' mutual agreement in its initial injunction. This would help the remedy to be paid out of the "right coffers” at once and reduce the need to bring an action for recourse. If the parties can trust that the regulatory authority takes such agreements into account, it may also make the parties deal with the issue of remediation liability for the pollution to a greater extent in negotiations prior to company and property acquisitions. However, it is important that high demands are placed on the parties' mutual agreements in order for them to be able to influence the distribution of the remedial liability. The remedial liability is burdensome, and it should therefore be clear that the parties were aware that the liability was part of the agreement. Solvency requirements should also be set for the party who has assumed the remedial liability in an agreement in order for it to be taken into account. If such a requirement is not set, there is a risk that a “keeper system” will arise where polluting companies transfer the remedial liability to another company that has neither the financial means nor the intention to remedy pollution damage. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nylander, Klara LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Agreements and remedial responsibilities - A study on the significance of civil law agreements for the distribution of the remedial liability in chapter 10 of the Environmental Code
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Avtalsrätt, Offentlig rätt, Miljörätt, Förorenade områden, Avhjälpandeansvar, Efterbehandling, Avhjälpande, Regresstalan, 10 kap. MB
language
Swedish
id
9046292
date added to LUP
2021-06-09 12:42:53
date last changed
2021-06-09 12:42:53
@misc{9046292,
  abstract     = {{Contaminated areas have long been a major environmental problem in Sweden. The cost of repairing pollution damage is often high. In order to avoid such costs being charged to the national budget rules on remedial liability have been introduced in Chapter 10 of the Environmental Code. The primary liability lies with the operator, i.e. the one who conducts or has conducted an activity or taken measure that has contributed to a pollution damage. Operator liability is based on the Polluter Pays Principle. The concept of the operator is not further defined in Chapter 10 of the Environmental Code but has been handed over to law enforcement to decide. The concept has been given a broad interpretation in practice and is being expanded more and more.

It is common that various operators are liable for the same pollution damage. These may be situations where various operators have simultaneously conducted different polluting activities in the same area or when various operators have conducted polluting activities on the same property during different time periods. When various operators are liable for the same pollution, the liability between them is joint and several in accordance with Chapter 10 § 6 of the Environmental Code to the extent that the liability is not limited according to Chapter 10 § 4 of the Environmental Code. How the ratio between the paragraphs should be interpreted is debated. The tort law interpretation is based on civil law principles and means that if the liability can be limited in accordance with § 4, liability cannot be claimed for more than this. The joint and several liability is therefore mainly important when it is not possible to distribute the liability between the various operators. The administrative law interpretation on the other hand does not take into account that the liability of an individual operator can be limited. Any of the jointly and severally liable operators can therefore be ordered to remedy the entire pollution damage. In the choice of interpretation method, a clear contradiction arises between civil law and public law principles. Since the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal in its judgement MÖD 2014:2 found that it is not possible to extend the liability that the public can invoke according to § 4 through the joint and several liability in § 6, there is strong support for the tort law interpretation to apply. However, the administrative law interpretation continues to be advocated in the doctrine and has also had an impact in lower court decisions.

The operator who has paid for a remedy has the opportunity according to Chapter 10 § 6 of the Environmental Code to claim compensation from other liable operators through a so-called recourse action. The distribution of remedial liability shall, in accordance with § 6 be determined according to what is reasonable with regard to the extent to which each operator has contributed to the pollution and to the circumstances in general. There are only a few higher court decisions that concern the question of how the liability should be distributed at the recourse stage. However, since the judgement of the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal in MÖD 2012:59, it is clear that the parties' civil law agreement is such a circumstance in general that may affect the distribution. In order for a civil law agreement to be taken into account, it follows from the practice of the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal that it must be clear from the agreement that the parties' intention was to distribute the remedial liability. In a lower court decision from 2020, the Land and Environment Court at Östersund District Court has deviated from the previously set clarity requirement and found that an intra-group transfer agreement included the transfer of remedial liability for any pollution despite it not being clearly stated in the agreement. The Land and Environment Court based its assessment on the fact that the purpose of the transfer was to transfer assets, liabilities and personnel between the companies with the intention of achieving a consensus for certain responsibilities. The court also took into account the overall purpose within the Group, which was to streamline operations. The ruling should not for be interpreted as an overriding of the requirement of clarity. However, it raises a number of questions about how agreements between operators should be assessed. 

For economic operators it is desirable that civil law agreements are taken into account even at an earlier stage than in a recourse action. There is no obstacle for the regulatory authority to take into account the parties' mutual agreement in its initial injunction. This would help the remedy to be paid out of the "right coffers” at once and reduce the need to bring an action for recourse. If the parties can trust that the regulatory authority takes such agreements into account, it may also make the parties deal with the issue of remediation liability for the pollution to a greater extent in negotiations prior to company and property acquisitions. However, it is important that high demands are placed on the parties' mutual agreements in order for them to be able to influence the distribution of the remedial liability. The remedial liability is burdensome, and it should therefore be clear that the parties were aware that the liability was part of the agreement. Solvency requirements should also be set for the party who has assumed the remedial liability in an agreement in order for it to be taken into account. If such a requirement is not set, there is a risk that a “keeper system” will arise where polluting companies transfer the remedial liability to another company that has neither the financial means nor the intention to remedy pollution damage.}},
  author       = {{Nylander, Klara}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Avtal och avhjälpandeansvar - en studie om civilrättsliga avtals betydelse för fördelningen av avhjälpandeansvaret i 10 kap. MB}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}