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Samröresbrottet - en rättfärdigad kriminalisering eller ett resultat av irrationell brottskontroll?

Hafner, Paula LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
De senaste decennierna har sett omfattande kriminalisering av terroristbrottslighet. De flesta av de terroristbrott som har införts i svensk rätt är ett resultat av internationella och EU-rättsliga förpliktelser. Oftast har dessa kriminaliseringsåtaganden inneburit att gärningar på väldigt tidigt förberedande stadium har kriminaliserats. Det senaste i raden av dessa brott, samröresbrottet, kriminaliserar att ha samröre med en terroristorganisation. Till skillnad från övriga förfältsbrott på terrorismens område är detta brott dock inte ett resultat av någon internationell förpliktelse.

Kriminaliseringarna är en del av den internationella trenden att använda straffrätten som preventivt verktyg. Detta har ibland resulterat i så... (More)
De senaste decennierna har sett omfattande kriminalisering av terroristbrottslighet. De flesta av de terroristbrott som har införts i svensk rätt är ett resultat av internationella och EU-rättsliga förpliktelser. Oftast har dessa kriminaliseringsåtaganden inneburit att gärningar på väldigt tidigt förberedande stadium har kriminaliserats. Det senaste i raden av dessa brott, samröresbrottet, kriminaliserar att ha samröre med en terroristorganisation. Till skillnad från övriga förfältsbrott på terrorismens område är detta brott dock inte ett resultat av någon internationell förpliktelse.

Kriminaliseringarna är en del av den internationella trenden att använda straffrätten som preventivt verktyg. Detta har ibland resulterat i så långtgående kriminaliseringar att grundläggande principer för kriminalisering har frångåtts. Så är fallet inte minst beträffande samröresbrottet.

Förfältskriminaliseringarna rättfärdigas främst genom framåtblickande allmänpreventiva överväganden. För att inte frångå allmänna principer för kriminalisering har dock den svenska lagstiftaren försökt att rättfärdiga dessa brott också med hänsyn till deras straffvärde. Såväl lagstiftaren som doktrinen framhåller att straffvärdet är det främsta skälet för kriminalisering även om det inte är det enda skälet. En kriminalisering bör även ha viss allmänpreventiv effekt för att vara rättfärdigad. Allmänprevention får dock inte utgöra det enda skälet för kriminalisering eftersom det då inte finns någon bortre gräns för när kriminalisering kan rättfärdigas. Allmänprevention kan sägas vara ett nödvändigt men inte ett tillräckligt skäl för kriminalisering.

Straffvärdet är en produkt av skyddsintresset, gärningspersonens inställning (det subjektiva rekvisitet) och gärningen (det objektiva rekvisitet). Denna uppsats argumenterar för att lagstiftaren inte har lyckats med sin uppgift i att rättfärdiga samröresbrottet utifrån straffvärdmässiga skäl. Samröresbrottets subjektiva och objektiva rekvisit är så lågt ställda att de gärningstyper som omfattas av brottet inte kan anses särskilt straffvärda.

De intressen som ligger bakom kriminaliseringarna av olika gärningar som har anknytning till terroristbrott är främst mänskligt liv, statens bestånd och värden så som mänskliga rättigheter och grundläggande friheter. Dessa är bland de mest skyddsvärda intressena och förtjänar straffrättsligt skydd. Straffvärdet påverkas dock av avståndet mellan den kriminaliserade gärningstypen och det skyddade intresset. Så som samröresbrottet är utformat ligger de gärningstyper som omfattas av brottet på ett så långt avstånd från det skyddade intresset att straffvärdet sjunker även av detta skäl.

Denna uppsats argumenterar för att samröresbrottet främst är rättfärdigat utifrån allmänpreventiva överväganden, vilket som sagt inte är tillräckligt för att kriminalisering ska vara rättfärdigad utifrån allmänna principer för kriminalisering. Kriminaliseringens lågt ställda krav på de subjektiva och objektiva rekvisiten innebär dessutom att åklagarens uppgift underlättas avsevärt. Brottmålsrättegångens höga beviskrav ”bortom rimligt tvivel” tappar i betydelse vilket är en förlust ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. (Less)
Abstract
The last couple of decades has seen extensive criminalization of terrorist crimes. Most of the terrorist crimes that have been implemented into Swedish law are a result of international obligations and obligations derived from membership of the European Union. Mostly, these obligations have meant criminalizing conduct that is very remote from the harm it seeks to prevent. Thus, these crimes have an inchoate nature. The last in the line of these crimes is association with a terrorist organization. In contrast to the other inchoate crimes in the field of terrorism, this crime is not a result of an international obligation.

These criminalizations are a part of an international trend to use the criminal law as a preventive tool. Sometimes,... (More)
The last couple of decades has seen extensive criminalization of terrorist crimes. Most of the terrorist crimes that have been implemented into Swedish law are a result of international obligations and obligations derived from membership of the European Union. Mostly, these obligations have meant criminalizing conduct that is very remote from the harm it seeks to prevent. Thus, these crimes have an inchoate nature. The last in the line of these crimes is association with a terrorist organization. In contrast to the other inchoate crimes in the field of terrorism, this crime is not a result of an international obligation.

These criminalizations are a part of an international trend to use the criminal law as a preventive tool. Sometimes, this has resulted in such far-reaching criminalization so that fundamental principles for criminalization have been abandoned. This is also the case with the crime of association with a terrorist organization.

These inchoate crimes are mostly justified with forward-looking preventive rationales. In order not to depart from general principles for criminalization, the Swedish lawmaker has attempted to justify these crimes also with regard to their penal value. The lawmaker as well as the legal literature agree that the penal value is the main reason for criminalization, even if it is not the only reason to criminalize. A criminalization should also have a preventive effect in order to be justified. However, prevention may not constitute the only reason for criminalization because then there is no far limit for when criminalization can be justified. Prevention is thus a necessary but not a sufficient reason for criminalization.

The penal value is a product of the legal interest which the criminalization seeks to protect, the mens rea of the offender, and the actus reus of the conduct. This paper argues that the lawmaker has not succeeded in the task of justifying the crime of association with a terrorist organization with reference to penal value. The crime’s prerequisites with regard to mens rea and actus reus are constructed in such a way so that the criminalized conduct cannot be considered to have a particularly high penal value.

The legal interests that the criminalization of terrorist acts seeks to protect are mainly human life, the safeguarding of the state, and fundamental human rights and liberties. These interests should be protected through criminalization. However, the penal value is also depending on the distance between the criminalized conduct and the protected legal interest. The way the crime of association with a terrorist organization is constructed means that the criminalized conduct is very remote from the protected interest. Therefore, the penal value decreases for this reason as well.

This paper argues that the crime of association with a terrorist organization has mainly been justified by preventive rationales, which according to general principles of criminalization is not a sufficient reason for justifying criminalization. Additionally, the crime’s prerequisites with regard to mens rea and actus reus have implications for the criminal trial. The prosecution’s task to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt becomes a significantly easier task regarding the crime of association with a terrorist organization. This has serious implications with reference to rule of law principles. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Hafner, Paula LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Association with a Terrorist Organization - a Justified Criminalization or a Result of Irrational Crime Control?
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, terrorism, brottskontroll, osjälvständiga brott, rättfärdigad kriminalisering
language
Swedish
id
9046450
date added to LUP
2021-06-10 10:55:03
date last changed
2021-06-10 10:55:03
@misc{9046450,
  abstract     = {{The last couple of decades has seen extensive criminalization of terrorist crimes. Most of the terrorist crimes that have been implemented into Swedish law are a result of international obligations and obligations derived from membership of the European Union. Mostly, these obligations have meant criminalizing conduct that is very remote from the harm it seeks to prevent. Thus, these crimes have an inchoate nature. The last in the line of these crimes is association with a terrorist organization. In contrast to the other inchoate crimes in the field of terrorism, this crime is not a result of an international obligation. 

These criminalizations are a part of an international trend to use the criminal law as a preventive tool. Sometimes, this has resulted in such far-reaching criminalization so that fundamental principles for criminalization have been abandoned. This is also the case with the crime of association with a terrorist organization. 

These inchoate crimes are mostly justified with forward-looking preventive rationales. In order not to depart from general principles for criminalization, the Swedish lawmaker has attempted to justify these crimes also with regard to their penal value. The lawmaker as well as the legal literature agree that the penal value is the main reason for criminalization, even if it is not the only reason to criminalize. A criminalization should also have a preventive effect in order to be justified. However, prevention may not constitute the only reason for criminalization because then there is no far limit for when criminalization can be justified. Prevention is thus a necessary but not a sufficient reason for criminalization. 

The penal value is a product of the legal interest which the criminalization seeks to protect, the mens rea of the offender, and the actus reus of the conduct. This paper argues that the lawmaker has not succeeded in the task of justifying the crime of association with a terrorist organization with reference to penal value. The crime’s prerequisites with regard to mens rea and actus reus are constructed in such a way so that the criminalized conduct cannot be considered to have a particularly high penal value. 

The legal interests that the criminalization of terrorist acts seeks to protect are mainly human life, the safeguarding of the state, and fundamental human rights and liberties. These interests should be protected through criminalization. However, the penal value is also depending on the distance between the criminalized conduct and the protected legal interest. The way the crime of association with a terrorist organization is constructed means that the criminalized conduct is very remote from the protected interest. Therefore, the penal value decreases for this reason as well. 

This paper argues that the crime of association with a terrorist organization has mainly been justified by preventive rationales, which according to general principles of criminalization is not a sufficient reason for justifying criminalization. Additionally, the crime’s prerequisites with regard to mens rea and actus reus have implications for the criminal trial. The prosecution’s task to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt becomes a significantly easier task regarding the crime of association with a terrorist organization. This has serious implications with reference to rule of law principles.}},
  author       = {{Hafner, Paula}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Samröresbrottet - en rättfärdigad kriminalisering eller ett resultat av irrationell brottskontroll?}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}