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Vad är tid? - En utredning om arbetstidsbegreppet

Ramberg, Lovis LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Arbetstid regleras i Rådets direktiv 93/104/EG av den 23 november 1993 om arbetstidens förläggning i vissa avseenden (arbetstidsdirektivet) och i svensk rätt av arbetstidslagen (1982:673) (ATL) som implementerar arbetstidsdirektivet. Direktivet syftar till att skydda arbetstagares hälsa och säkerhet på arbetsplatsen genom att reglera minimikrav för arbetstidens förläggning. Direktivet innehåller exempelvis bestämmelser som ger arbetstagare rätt till viss vila och som begränsar veckoarbetstiden. Alla dessa skyddsbestämmelser utgår ifrån begreppen ”arbetstid” och ”vilotid” som definieras i artikel 2.1 respektive 2.2 i arbetstidsdirektivet. EU-domstolen har i flera avgöranden konstaterat att begreppen arbetstid och vilotid är ömsesidigt... (More)
Arbetstid regleras i Rådets direktiv 93/104/EG av den 23 november 1993 om arbetstidens förläggning i vissa avseenden (arbetstidsdirektivet) och i svensk rätt av arbetstidslagen (1982:673) (ATL) som implementerar arbetstidsdirektivet. Direktivet syftar till att skydda arbetstagares hälsa och säkerhet på arbetsplatsen genom att reglera minimikrav för arbetstidens förläggning. Direktivet innehåller exempelvis bestämmelser som ger arbetstagare rätt till viss vila och som begränsar veckoarbetstiden. Alla dessa skyddsbestämmelser utgår ifrån begreppen ”arbetstid” och ”vilotid” som definieras i artikel 2.1 respektive 2.2 i arbetstidsdirektivet. EU-domstolen har i flera avgöranden konstaterat att begreppen arbetstid och vilotid är ömsesidigt uteslutande, antingen arbetar du eller så vilar du. För att tillförsäkra varje arbetstagare de minimikrav som direktivet tillhandahåller är det därför av största vikt att avgöra om en viss tid utgör arbetstid vilket har lett till en omfattande rättspraxis från EU-domstolen.
Med denna utgångspunkt syftar uppsatsen till att med hjälp av rättsdogmatisk och EU-rättlig metod redogöra för vad som är avgörande för att viss tid ska anses utgöra arbetstid.
Redogörelsen visar att bedömningen av artikel 2.1 grundar sig på tre kriterium. Kriterium nummer ett är ett rumsligt kriterium som kräver att arbetstagaren befinner sig på en plats som arbetsgivaren bestämt. Kriterium nummer två kräver att arbetstagaren står till arbetsgivarens förfogande vilket främst innebär att denne omedelbart ska vara tillgänglig för att utföra arbete vilket är fallet när arbetstagaren står under en rättslig skyldighet att följa arbetsgivarens instruktioner så att dess möjligheter till att ägna sig åt egna intressen väsentligen begränsas. Kriterium nummer tre innebär att arbetstagaren ska utföra sina arbetsuppgifter eller aktiviteter där arbetets intensitet eller arbetets slutprodukt inte är relevant för bedömningen. Istället sker bedömningen utifrån om en viss aktivitet eller snarare icke aktivitet är en naturlig eller nödvändig del av arbetet.
Definitionen har på senare år prövats i förhållande till restid i flera olika domstolar där EU-domstolens avgörande i C-226/14 Tyco varit den triggande faktorn. Frågan som uppsatsen besvarar i detta avseende genom en rättsanalytisk metod är om avgörandena om restid ligger i linje med den tidigare praxis som finns angående arbetstid och restid.
Redogörelsen av Tyco visar på en rättsutveckling av det rumsliga kriteriet genom konstaterandet från EU-domstolen, att då restid utgör en integrerad del av arbetet för arbetstagare utan en fast arbetsplats, kan inte arbetsplatsen begränsas till den plats där uppdragets faktiska aktiviteter utförs. Arbetstagarna i detta mål ansågs alltså befinna sig på arbetsplatsen när de reste till arbetsgivarens kunder. Mot bakgrund av Tyco ansåg Arbetsdomstolen i AD 2020 nr 7 dock att målares restid inte skulle utgöra
5
arbetstid. Efter en jämförelse med tidigare praxis dras slutsatsen att Arbetsdomstolens avgörande i viss mån inte är helt förenligt med den tidigare praxisen.
Då ATL implementerar arbetstidsdirektivet är det av stor vikt för den nationella rättstillämpningen att veta hur direktivet och ATL förhåller sig till varandra, vilket utgör uppsatsen inledande frågeställning. Med hjälp av rättsdogmatisk och EU-rättslig metod framkommer att flera av ATL:s bestämmelser i stort sett är identiska med bestämmelserna i arbetstidsdirektivet. Vid tillämpningen av vissa av dessa rättsregler ska det EU-rättsliga arbetstidsbegreppet användas. I ett hänseende, angående beredskapstid skiljer sig dock den svenska rätten från arbetstidsdirektivet genom att inte anse att beredskapstid utgör arbetstid vid beräkning av dygnsvilan i 13 § ATL. Med tanke på att beredskapstid i vissa fall utgör arbetstid enligt EU-domstolen är denna tillämpning av den svenska rätten knappast förenlig med direktivet. Redogörelsen visar även på att ATL innehåller en EU-spärr som kräver att arbetsmarknadens parter vid undantag från ATL genom kollektivavtal måste beakta de krav som arbetstidsdirektivet ställer.
Slutligen syftar uppsatsen till att analysera hur välanpassat arbetstidsbegreppet är utifrån dagens arbetsmarknad. I detta sammanhang används en rättsanalytisk metod. Uppsatsen visar på att arbetstidsbegreppet inte längre är optimalt med utgångspunkt i att en hel del har skett på arbetsmarknaden från det att arbetstidsdirektivet först infördes 1993. Då var gränsen mellan arbetsliv och vilotid åtskilligt tydligare och ett ömsesidigt uteslutande mellan vilotid och arbetstid passade bra. Idag efterfrågar arbetsgivare större flexibilitet vilket den tydliga distinktionen som direktivet gör mellan vilotid och arbetstid inte tillhandahåller. I och med utvecklingen av teknologin blir linjen mellan arbete och fritid mer utsuddad vilket inte är önskvärt utifrån arbetstagarens perspektiv. En viss utveckling har dock skett i praxis där ett bredare perspektiv av begreppen ”säkerhet” och ”hälsa” anläggs. Vidare har prövningen om viss tid ska anses utgöra arbetstid inkluderat bedömningen om arbetstagarens fritid väsentligen begränsas, från vilket slutsatsen dras att tillämpningen i vart fall till viss del tar hänsyn till kvalitén på arbetstagarens fritid. För en bättre anpassning föreslås att de tre ovan nämnda kriterierna tillämpas självständigt istället för kumulativt samt att ett kriterium som tydligt utgår ifrån vilotidens kvalité införs vid bedömningen av om viss tid ska anses utgöra arbetstid. (Less)
Abstract
Working time is regulated by Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, (the Working Time Directive)
and in Sweden by the Working Hours Act (1982: 673) which implements the Working Time Directive. The directive aims to protect the health and safety of workers within the working environment by regulating minimum requirements for the organization of working time. For instance the directive contains provisions for securing the workers a right to certain restperiods and limits the weekly working time. These protective provisions are based on the concepts of "working time" and "rest period" as defined in Article 2.1 and 2.2 of the Working... (More)
Working time is regulated by Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, (the Working Time Directive)
and in Sweden by the Working Hours Act (1982: 673) which implements the Working Time Directive. The directive aims to protect the health and safety of workers within the working environment by regulating minimum requirements for the organization of working time. For instance the directive contains provisions for securing the workers a right to certain restperiods and limits the weekly working time. These protective provisions are based on the concepts of "working time" and "rest period" as defined in Article 2.1 and 2.2 of the Working Time Directive. The European Court of Justice has ruled in several cases that the concepts of working time and rest period are mutually exclusive, either you work or you rest. In order to ensure that each worker enjoys the minimum requirements provided for by the Directive, it is of the utmost importance to determine whether a certain period of time constitutes working time, which has led to an extensive collection of case law from the European Court of Justice.
With this starting point, the essay aims to investigate and explain the crucial elements for the assessment of whether a certain period of time is to be regarded as working time. The investigation is based on the legal dogmatic method and the EU legal method.
This paper concludes that the assessment of Article 2.1 is based on three criteria. Criterion number one is a spatial criterion that requires the employee to be present in a place determined by the employer. Criterion number two requires the employee to be at the employer's disposal, which mainly means that he must be immediately available to perform work, which is the case when the employee is under a legal obligation to follow the employer's instructions so that his ability to pursue his own interests is significantly limited. Criterion number three requires the employee to carry out his activity or duties. The intensity of the work or the end product of the work is not relevant. Instead, the assessment is made on the basis of whether a certain activity or rather non-activity is a inheral part of the workers work.
In recent years, the definition has been reviewed in relation to travel time by several different courts, where the European Court of Justice's ruling in C-226/14 Tyco constitutes the triggering factor. The question this thesis answers in this respect is whether the decisions on travel time are in line with the previous case law that exists regarding working hours and travel time. The question is answered on the basis of the legal analytical method.
The presentation of Tyco shows a legal development of the spatial criterion through the finding by the European Court of Justice that given that travelling is an integral part of being a worker without a fixed place of work, the place of work cannot be limited to the places where the assignment's actual activities are performed. The employees in this case were thus considered to be at the workplace when they traveled to the employer's customers. In the light of Tyco, The Swedish Labor Court ruled in AD 2020 no. 7 however, that painter's travel time would not constitute working time. After a comparison with previous case law, the investigation shows that the Labor Court's decision is not fully compatible with the previous case law in generall and and especially not with the judgment in Tyco.
Since ATL implements the Working Time Directive, it is of great importance for the application of ATL to know how the directive and ATL relate to each other, which constitutes the thesis' initial issue. The legal dogmatic method and the EU legal method are used to deal with this question. The thesis shows that several of ATL's provisions are largely identical to the provisions in the Working Time Directive. When applying some of these legal rules, the EU-concept of working time must be used. In one respect, regarding standby time, however, Swedish law differs from the Working Time Directive by not considering standby time as working time when calculating the daily rest in 13 § ATL. Given that standby time constitutes working time according to the European Court of Justice, this application of Swedish law is hardly compatible with the directive. The report also shows that ATL contains an EU barrier that requires the social partners in the event of an exemption from ATL through collective agreements to take into account the requirements set by the Working Time Directive.
Finally, the thesis aims to analyze how well-adapted the concept of working time is based on the labor market of today, by using the legal analytical method. This papers states that the concept of working no longer fits the loabour market based on the fact that a lot has changed since the introduction of the Working Time Directive in 1993. At that time, the boundary between working life and rest time was much clearer. Today, employers are demanding greater flexibility which the Working Time Directive with its clear distinction between restperiods and working time cannot offer. Further, with the use of technology today, the frontier between work and leisure becomes more and more blurred. A development not desirable from the employee's perspective.
However, some progress has taken place in case law towards a broader perspective regarding the concepts of “safety” and “health”. Furthermore, the examination of whether a certain period of time constitutes working time now includes a assessment of whether the employees inactive periods are substantially limited by requirements from the employer. Taken this into accout the thesis concludes that the assessment, at least to some extent takes into account the quality of the employee's free time. For a even better adaptation to the challanges of todays labor market, it is proposed that the cumulative application of three above-mentioned criteria should be dropped.

In addition, the thesis proposes the introduction of a new criterion that clearly links the assassment of working time to the quality of the rest period. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ramberg, Lovis LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
What about time? - An investigation about the concept of working time
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
arbetsrätt, EU-rätt
language
Swedish
id
9046495
date added to LUP
2021-06-10 13:42:49
date last changed
2021-06-10 13:42:49
@misc{9046495,
  abstract     = {{Working time is regulated by Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, (the Working Time Directive)
and in Sweden by the Working Hours Act (1982: 673) which implements the Working Time Directive. The directive aims to protect the health and safety of workers within the working environment by regulating minimum requirements for the organization of working time. For instance the directive contains provisions for securing the workers a right to certain restperiods and limits the weekly working time. These protective provisions are based on the concepts of "working time" and "rest period" as defined in Article 2.1 and 2.2 of the Working Time Directive. The European Court of Justice has ruled in several cases that the concepts of working time and rest period are mutually exclusive, either you work or you rest. In order to ensure that each worker enjoys the minimum requirements provided for by the Directive, it is of the utmost importance to determine whether a certain period of time constitutes working time, which has led to an extensive collection of case law from the European Court of Justice.
With this starting point, the essay aims to investigate and explain the crucial elements for the assessment of whether a certain period of time is to be regarded as working time. The investigation is based on the legal dogmatic method and the EU legal method.
This paper concludes that the assessment of Article 2.1 is based on three criteria. Criterion number one is a spatial criterion that requires the employee to be present in a place determined by the employer. Criterion number two requires the employee to be at the employer's disposal, which mainly means that he must be immediately available to perform work, which is the case when the employee is under a legal obligation to follow the employer's instructions so that his ability to pursue his own interests is significantly limited. Criterion number three requires the employee to carry out his activity or duties. The intensity of the work or the end product of the work is not relevant. Instead, the assessment is made on the basis of whether a certain activity or rather non-activity is a inheral part of the workers work.
In recent years, the definition has been reviewed in relation to travel time by several different courts, where the European Court of Justice's ruling in C-226/14 Tyco constitutes the triggering factor. The question this thesis answers in this respect is whether the decisions on travel time are in line with the previous case law that exists regarding working hours and travel time. The question is answered on the basis of the legal analytical method.
The presentation of Tyco shows a legal development of the spatial criterion through the finding by the European Court of Justice that given that travelling is an integral part of being a worker without a fixed place of work, the place of work cannot be limited to the places where the assignment's actual activities are performed. The employees in this case were thus considered to be at the workplace when they traveled to the employer's customers. In the light of Tyco, The Swedish Labor Court ruled in AD 2020 no. 7 however, that painter's travel time would not constitute working time. After a comparison with previous case law, the investigation shows that the Labor Court's decision is not fully compatible with the previous case law in generall and and especially not with the judgment in Tyco.
Since ATL implements the Working Time Directive, it is of great importance for the application of ATL to know how the directive and ATL relate to each other, which constitutes the thesis' initial issue. The legal dogmatic method and the EU legal method are used to deal with this question. The thesis shows that several of ATL's provisions are largely identical to the provisions in the Working Time Directive. When applying some of these legal rules, the EU-concept of working time must be used. In one respect, regarding standby time, however, Swedish law differs from the Working Time Directive by not considering standby time as working time when calculating the daily rest in 13 § ATL. Given that standby time constitutes working time according to the European Court of Justice, this application of Swedish law is hardly compatible with the directive. The report also shows that ATL contains an EU barrier that requires the social partners in the event of an exemption from ATL through collective agreements to take into account the requirements set by the Working Time Directive.
Finally, the thesis aims to analyze how well-adapted the concept of working time is based on the labor market of today, by using the legal analytical method. This papers states that the concept of working no longer fits the loabour market based on the fact that a lot has changed since the introduction of the Working Time Directive in 1993. At that time, the boundary between working life and rest time was much clearer. Today, employers are demanding greater flexibility which the Working Time Directive with its clear distinction between restperiods and working time cannot offer. Further, with the use of technology today, the frontier between work and leisure becomes more and more blurred. A development not desirable from the employee's perspective.
However, some progress has taken place in case law towards a broader perspective regarding the concepts of “safety” and “health”. Furthermore, the examination of whether a certain period of time constitutes working time now includes a assessment of whether the employees inactive periods are substantially limited by requirements from the employer. Taken this into accout the thesis concludes that the assessment, at least to some extent takes into account the quality of the employee's free time. For a even better adaptation to the challanges of todays labor market, it is proposed that the cumulative application of three above-mentioned criteria should be dropped.

In addition, the thesis proposes the introduction of a new criterion that clearly links the assassment of working time to the quality of the rest period.}},
  author       = {{Ramberg, Lovis}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Vad är tid? - En utredning om arbetstidsbegreppet}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}