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Beviskraft och EncroChat - Felkällor vid bevisvärdering

Zolotov, Vincent LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
After the French police managed to gain access to material from the encrypted communication service EncroChat, parts of the material were forwarded to the Swedish police. This resulted in a large number of people being sentenced to long prison terms.

EncroChat is partly an encrypted communication service and partly an operating system that runs on smartphones. EncroChat is used by people who do not want the content of their communication to be disclosed and/or linked to them personally. On EncroChat users oftentimes communicate through randomly generated usernames, consisting of two English words.

The Swedish National Forensic Center (NFC) has compiled information on the service
and its functions, but the information is not... (More)
After the French police managed to gain access to material from the encrypted communication service EncroChat, parts of the material were forwarded to the Swedish police. This resulted in a large number of people being sentenced to long prison terms.

EncroChat is partly an encrypted communication service and partly an operating system that runs on smartphones. EncroChat is used by people who do not want the content of their communication to be disclosed and/or linked to them personally. On EncroChat users oftentimes communicate through randomly generated usernames, consisting of two English words.

The Swedish National Forensic Center (NFC) has compiled information on the service
and its functions, but the information is not exhaustive and ambiguities remain.
Several courts have concluded that parts of the material, which was received by the Swedish police, are missing. What this is due to is still unknown. In addition, the material has also been processed by Swedish police before it is presented to the court.

As there is still a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the EncroChat material, inter alia due to the fact that the service itself is a relatively new phenomenon, this places high demands on the courts regarding how the material is evaluated. Several courts have stated that this type of evidence should be evaluated with caution. Despite this, there are several examples of convictions based (almost) exclusively on EncroChat evidence. What a cautious evaluation of the evidence in practice means hasn’t been developed to any great extent by the courts.

To carry out a safer and more accurate evaluation of evidence, probability theory can be used as a tool. Bayesian probability theory is well suited for this purpose, as it clarifies mistakes that frequently occur in the process of evaluating evidence. Bayesian probability theory forces the evaluator to structure their evaluation and to take a position on certain issues that are decisive for it.

The thesis presents and explains central parts of the theory to show how one can use it to calculate the probability of a hypothesis in a structured and relatively safe way. This includes common errors in the evaluation of evidence, which can occur regardless of whether the evaluation is done with or without the help of Bayesian probability theory. The thesis also provides potential psychological explanatory models for these types of mistakes.

The thesis presents the Swedish courts' evaluation of EncroChat evidence in seven different verdicts, of which four decisions derive from the district court and three decisions derive from the Court of Appeal. The courts' evaluation of evidence is then analyzed based on Bayesian probability theory to determine whether the evaluation of evidence contains common sources of error, and whether it is consistent and uniform among courts.

The thesis concludes that there are strong indications of sources of error in the courts' evaluation of evidence. The evaluation of evidence does not seem to be consistent and uniform among courts.A possible reason for this is the lack of a tool to systematize the evaluation of evidence in general and to avoid sources of error in particular. An evaluation of evidence based on Bayesian probability theory could reduce the frequency with which misjudgments occur and lead to a more consistent and uniform evaluation of evidence among courts. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Efter att fransk polis lyckats få tillgång till material från den krypterade kommunikationstjänsten EncroChat vidarebefordrades delar av materialet till den svenska Polisen. Detta resulterade i att ett stort antal personer dömdes till långa fängelsestraff.

EncroChat är dels en krypterad kommunikationstjänst, dels ett operativsystem för smarta mobiltelefoner. EncroChat används av personer som inte vill att innehållet i deras kommunikation ska röjas och/eller knytas till deras person. På tjänsten kommunicerar man vanligtvis genom ett användarnamn som består av två slumpvist valda sammansatta engelska ord.

Nationellt forensiskt centrum (NFC) har gjort en sammanställning av information om tjänsten och dess funktioner, men denna är inte... (More)
Efter att fransk polis lyckats få tillgång till material från den krypterade kommunikationstjänsten EncroChat vidarebefordrades delar av materialet till den svenska Polisen. Detta resulterade i att ett stort antal personer dömdes till långa fängelsestraff.

EncroChat är dels en krypterad kommunikationstjänst, dels ett operativsystem för smarta mobiltelefoner. EncroChat används av personer som inte vill att innehållet i deras kommunikation ska röjas och/eller knytas till deras person. På tjänsten kommunicerar man vanligtvis genom ett användarnamn som består av två slumpvist valda sammansatta engelska ord.

Nationellt forensiskt centrum (NFC) har gjort en sammanställning av information om tjänsten och dess funktioner, men denna är inte heltäckande och oklarheter kvarstår. Det har i flera domar framgått att det material som den svenska polisen tagit del av är ofullständigt. Vad detta beror på vet man inte. Materialet har dessutom även bearbetats av Polisen innan det presenterats för domstolen.

Eftersom det fortfarande råder stora oklarheter kring EncroChat-materialet, inte minst beroende på att tjänsten i sig är ett förhållandevis nytt fenomen, ställer detta höga krav på domstolarna gällande hur EncroChat-materialet bevisvärderas. Flera domstolar har uttryckt att denna typ av bevisning bör värderas med försiktighet. Trots detta finns flera exempel på fällande domar som baserats (nästan) uteslutande på EncroChat-bevisning. Inte heller vad en försiktig värdering av bevisningen rent praktiskt innebär har utvecklats i någon större mån av domstolarna.

För att genomföra en säkrare och mer noggrann bevisvärdering kan sannolikhetsteori användas som ett hjälpmedel. Bayesiansk sannolikhetslära är väl anpassad till detta ändamål, eftersom den tydliggör misstag som frekvent uppstår vid en bevisvärdering. Bevisvärdering grundad i Bayesiansk sannolikhetslära tvingar den som värderar bevisning att strukturera bevistema och bevisfakta samt att ta ställning till vissa för värderingen avgörande frågor.

I uppsatsen återges och förklaras centrala delar av teorin, i syfte att illustrera hur man kan använda denna för att beräkna sannolikheten för ett bevistema på ett strukturerat och förhållandevis säkert sätt. Detta innefattar en beskrivning av misstag som är frekvent förekommande vid bevisvärdering, vilka kan ske oberoende om värderingen sker med eller utan hjälp av Bayesiansk sannolikhetslära. Uppsatsen ger även potentiella psykologiska förklaringsmodeller för denna typ av misstag.

I uppsatsen återges svenska domstolars värdering av EncroChat-bevisning i sju olika domar, varav fyra avgöranden härrör från tingsrätten och tre avgöranden härrör från hovrätten. Domstolarnas bevisvärdering analyseras sedan med utgångspunkt i Bayesiansk sannolikhetslära för att avgöra huruvida bevisvärderingen innehåller vanligt förekommande felkällor, samt huruvida denna är konsekvent och enhetlig domstolar emellan.

I uppsatsen dras slutsatsen att det finns starka indikationer på felkällor i domstolarnas bevisvärdering av EncroChat-material. Bevisvärderingen framstår inte heller vara konsekvent och enhetlig domstolar emellan. En möjlig anledning till detta är avsaknaden av ett verktyg för att systematisera sin bevisvärdering i allmänhet och för att undvika felkällor i synnerhet. En bevisvärdering grundad på Bayesiansk sannolikhetslära kan minska frekvensen med vilken felbedömningar sker och även leda till en mer konsekvent och enhetlig bevisvärdering olika domstolar emellan. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Zolotov, Vincent LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
allmän rättslära, jurisprudence, encrochat, bevisvärdering, bevisteori
language
Swedish
id
9080470
date added to LUP
2022-06-11 08:42:23
date last changed
2022-06-11 08:42:23
@misc{9080470,
  abstract     = {{After the French police managed to gain access to material from the encrypted communication service EncroChat, parts of the material were forwarded to the Swedish police. This resulted in a large number of people being sentenced to long prison terms.

EncroChat is partly an encrypted communication service and partly an operating system that runs on smartphones. EncroChat is used by people who do not want the content of their communication to be disclosed and/or linked to them personally. On EncroChat users oftentimes communicate through randomly generated usernames, consisting of two English words. 

The Swedish National Forensic Center (NFC) has compiled information on the service
and its functions, but the information is not exhaustive and ambiguities remain.
Several courts have concluded that parts of the material, which was received by the Swedish police, are missing. What this is due to is still unknown. In addition, the material has also been processed by Swedish police before it is presented to the court. 

As there is still a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the EncroChat material, inter alia due to the fact that the service itself is a relatively new phenomenon, this places high demands on the courts regarding how the material is evaluated. Several courts have stated that this type of evidence should be evaluated with caution. Despite this, there are several examples of convictions based (almost) exclusively on EncroChat evidence. What a cautious evaluation of the evidence in practice means hasn’t been developed to any great extent by the courts.

To carry out a safer and more accurate evaluation of evidence, probability theory can be used as a tool. Bayesian probability theory is well suited for this purpose, as it clarifies mistakes that frequently occur in the process of evaluating evidence. Bayesian probability theory forces the evaluator to structure their evaluation and to take a position on certain issues that are decisive for it.

The thesis presents and explains central parts of the theory to show how one can use it to calculate the probability of a hypothesis in a structured and relatively safe way. This includes common errors in the evaluation of evidence, which can occur regardless of whether the evaluation is done with or without the help of Bayesian probability theory. The thesis also provides potential psychological explanatory models for these types of mistakes.

The thesis presents the Swedish courts' evaluation of EncroChat evidence in seven different verdicts, of which four decisions derive from the district court and three decisions derive from the Court of Appeal. The courts' evaluation of evidence is then analyzed based on Bayesian probability theory to determine whether the evaluation of evidence contains common sources of error, and whether it is consistent and uniform among courts. 

The thesis concludes that there are strong indications of sources of error in the courts' evaluation of evidence. The evaluation of evidence does not seem to be consistent and uniform among courts.A possible reason for this is the lack of a tool to systematize the evaluation of evidence in general and to avoid sources of error in particular. An evaluation of evidence based on Bayesian probability theory could reduce the frequency with which misjudgments occur and lead to a more consistent and uniform evaluation of evidence among courts.}},
  author       = {{Zolotov, Vincent}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Beviskraft och EncroChat - Felkällor vid bevisvärdering}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}