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Den digitala erans konsttjuvar? En upphovsrättslig undersökning av vad som utgör intrång i upphovsmannens ensamrätt, i ljuset av NFT:ernas framfart

Horndahl Vilör, Hannah LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Non fungible tokens (NFTs) are a growing technological phenomenon that possibly could be the future market for art, music, photographs and other works of art in all shapes and forms – selling for values equivalent to the price tags of physical art. The market is geographically flexible, with a world spread clientele and infinite possibilities. Although many positives, some negatives arise whilst trying to understand the legal complexity of NFTs. What happens to the copyright belonging to the creator when a digital copy of artwork is sold online, either legally or illegally? What rights accrue to the buyer now in possession of the NFT?

By initially researching what NFTs are and their function, the thesis intends to give a further... (More)
Non fungible tokens (NFTs) are a growing technological phenomenon that possibly could be the future market for art, music, photographs and other works of art in all shapes and forms – selling for values equivalent to the price tags of physical art. The market is geographically flexible, with a world spread clientele and infinite possibilities. Although many positives, some negatives arise whilst trying to understand the legal complexity of NFTs. What happens to the copyright belonging to the creator when a digital copy of artwork is sold online, either legally or illegally? What rights accrue to the buyer now in possession of the NFT?

By initially researching what NFTs are and their function, the thesis intends to give a further understanding as to which rights the owner of an NFT acquires with the purchase. In addition, the thesis focuses on presenting what possible infringements may arise when a piece of art is made into an NFT and later on sold without the consent of the originator. In the absence of legislative history and precedents in the field, the dissertation is based on classical Swedish copyright law as well as doctrine or other sources that have discussed the phenomenon.

This thesis argues that all copyright to an NFT initially belongs to the originator, as with all art covered by the Swedish copyright law. The arguments for this are based on traditional copyright laws, since they are not only applicable to physical, more traditional, works of art – but also digital art. Due to the fact that the dissertation has shown that NFTs should fall within the framework of Swedish copyright law, it also means an illegal use of the protected work constitutes an infringement of the originator's exclusive right.

In summary, the study concludes that the phenomenon can no longer be considered foreign, but this does not mean that it is easily handled. Although the NFT market has not yet encountered any known copyright barriers in the form of lawsuits or disputes, this does not in itself imply that the phenomenon is unproblematic. The simplicity in creating and selling NFTs results in originators risking losing both their financial and moral exclusive rights that the protection in the Swedish copyright law entails. It should be in the interest of all participants on the NFT market to shed light on which rights come with the ownership of digital art in conjunction with transactions – and which do not. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Non-fungible tokens (NFT:s) är ett växande tekniskt fenomen som troligen kan bli den framtida marknaden för konst, musik, fotografier och andra konstverk av alla dess former – som dessutom säljer för summor motsvarande prislapparna för fysisk konst. Marknaden är geografiskt flexibel, med en världsspridd klientel och oändliga möjligheter. Även om det finns många positiva aspekter finns det vissa negativa som uppstår i takt med att man försöker förstå den juridiska komplexiteten hos NFT:er. Vad händer med upphovsrätten som tillhör skaparen när en digital kopia av konstverk säljs online, lagligt eller olagligt? Vilka rättigheter tillfaller köparen som nu innehar NFT:n?

Genom att initialt undersöka vad NFT:er är och hur de fungerar, avser... (More)
Non-fungible tokens (NFT:s) är ett växande tekniskt fenomen som troligen kan bli den framtida marknaden för konst, musik, fotografier och andra konstverk av alla dess former – som dessutom säljer för summor motsvarande prislapparna för fysisk konst. Marknaden är geografiskt flexibel, med en världsspridd klientel och oändliga möjligheter. Även om det finns många positiva aspekter finns det vissa negativa som uppstår i takt med att man försöker förstå den juridiska komplexiteten hos NFT:er. Vad händer med upphovsrätten som tillhör skaparen när en digital kopia av konstverk säljs online, lagligt eller olagligt? Vilka rättigheter tillfaller köparen som nu innehar NFT:n?

Genom att initialt undersöka vad NFT:er är och hur de fungerar, avser denna avhandling att ge en ytterligare förståelse för vilka rättigheter ägaren till en NFT förvärvar vid köpet. Därutöver fokuserar avhandlingen på att presentera vilka eventuella intrång som kan uppstå när ett konstverk görs till en NFT och senare säljs utan upphovsmannens medgivande. I brist på förarbeten och praxis på området bygger avhandlingen på klassisk svensk upphovsrättslagstiftning samt doktrin eller andra källor som diskuterat fenomenet.

Denna avhandling hävdar att all upphovsrätt till en NFT initialt tillhör upphovsmannen, precis som för all konst som omfattas av den svenska upphovsrättslagen. Argumenten för detta bygger på den traditionella upphovsrättslagen, eftersom den inte bara är tillämplig på fysiska, mer traditionella, konstverk – utan även digital konst. Med anledning av att uppsatsen visat att NFT:er ska falla inom ramarna för den svenska upphovsrätten, innebär det att ett olovligt brukande av det skyddade verket utgör intrång i upphovsmannens ensamrätt.

Sammanfattningsvis drar uppsatsen slutsatsen att, för ett svenskt vidkommande, kan fenomenet inte längre anses vara främmande, det innebär dock inte att det är enkelt att hantera. Även om NFT-marknaden ännu inte stött på några kända upphovsrättsliga hinder i form av stämningar eller tvister, innebär inte det i sig att fenomenet är oproblematiskt. Simpliciteten i att dels skapa, dels sälja NFT:er resulterar i att upphovsmän riskerar att gå miste om de ekonomiska samt ideella ensamrätterna som skyddet i upphovsrättslagen innebär. Det bör ligga i samtliga aktörer på NFT-marknadens intresse att få klarhet i vilka rättigheter som följer med det digitala konstverket i förbindelse med transaktioner – och vilka som inte gör det. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Horndahl Vilör, Hannah LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The art thieves of the digital era? A copywright examination of what constitutes an infringement of the originator's exclusive right, in the light of NFT's progression
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
civilrätt, private law, immaterialrätt, intellectual property, civilprocessrätt, civil procedure law, upphovsrätt, copyright, copyright law, NFT, Non-fungible tokens
language
Swedish
id
9080615
date added to LUP
2022-06-22 09:22:44
date last changed
2022-06-22 09:22:44
@misc{9080615,
  abstract     = {{Non fungible tokens (NFTs) are a growing technological phenomenon that possibly could be the future market for art, music, photographs and other works of art in all shapes and forms – selling for values equivalent to the price tags of physical art. The market is geographically flexible, with a world spread clientele and infinite possibilities. Although many positives, some negatives arise whilst trying to understand the legal complexity of NFTs. What happens to the copyright belonging to the creator when a digital copy of artwork is sold online, either legally or illegally? What rights accrue to the buyer now in possession of the NFT?

By initially researching what NFTs are and their function, the thesis intends to give a further understanding as to which rights the owner of an NFT acquires with the purchase. In addition, the thesis focuses on presenting what possible infringements may arise when a piece of art is made into an NFT and later on sold without the consent of the originator. In the absence of legislative history and precedents in the field, the dissertation is based on classical Swedish copyright law as well as doctrine or other sources that have discussed the phenomenon. 

This thesis argues that all copyright to an NFT initially belongs to the originator, as with all art covered by the Swedish copyright law. The arguments for this are based on traditional copyright laws, since they are not only applicable to physical, more traditional, works of art – but also digital art. Due to the fact that the dissertation has shown that NFTs should fall within the framework of Swedish copyright law, it also means an illegal use of the protected work constitutes an infringement of the originator's exclusive right.

In summary, the study concludes that the phenomenon can no longer be considered foreign, but this does not mean that it is easily handled. Although the NFT market has not yet encountered any known copyright barriers in the form of lawsuits or disputes, this does not in itself imply that the phenomenon is unproblematic. The simplicity in creating and selling NFTs results in originators risking losing both their financial and moral exclusive rights that the protection in the Swedish copyright law entails. It should be in the interest of all participants on the NFT market to shed light on which rights come with the ownership of digital art in conjunction with transactions – and which do not.}},
  author       = {{Horndahl Vilör, Hannah}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Den digitala erans konsttjuvar? En upphovsrättslig undersökning av vad som utgör intrång i upphovsmannens ensamrätt, i ljuset av NFT:ernas framfart}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}