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Mining and Indigenous Peoples' rights: an analysis of the Brazilian Amazon from an international human rights law perspective

Picchi Cappuccelli, Liliana LU (2022) JAMM07 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The present study seeks to understand the impacts of mining on Indigenous Peoples’ rights in the Brazilian Amazon. For this purpose, after an introduction of the context of mining historically, socially, and geographically in Brazil, a framework of Indigenous Peoples’ rights is described, and each right analyzed separately. All rights are interconnected and interdependent, but it becomes evident that for Indigenous Peoples in the Brazilian Amazon, the right to land, territories and natural resources is essential for guaranteeing all other rights. The author finds that all rights described are negatively impacted by mining, mainly by illegal gold mining. Indigenous Peoples’ rights are strongly backed by Brazilian legislation, and the... (More)
The present study seeks to understand the impacts of mining on Indigenous Peoples’ rights in the Brazilian Amazon. For this purpose, after an introduction of the context of mining historically, socially, and geographically in Brazil, a framework of Indigenous Peoples’ rights is described, and each right analyzed separately. All rights are interconnected and interdependent, but it becomes evident that for Indigenous Peoples in the Brazilian Amazon, the right to land, territories and natural resources is essential for guaranteeing all other rights. The author finds that all rights described are negatively impacted by mining, mainly by illegal gold mining. Indigenous Peoples’ rights are strongly backed by Brazilian legislation, and the Brazilian State has committed to ratifying and signing the most important human rights treaties that cover the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Notwithstanding, there is a gap between the legal recognition and the practical realization of Indigenous Peoples’ rights.
Currently, mining in Indigenous lands in Brazil is not legal. Thus, in the second part of this thesis, the proposed draft bill for regulating mining in Indigenous lands, PL 191/2020, is analyzed. Two of the main arguments for regulating mining in Indigenous lands are that it will bring socioeconomic development to the region and the country, and that it can be a solution to illegal mining. Firstly, the author presents a conceptual challenge of defining “development”. Secondly, the author finds that although legal mining activity can bring positive outcomes, such as the contribution through mining royalties, it does not necessarily mean that regions benefit from it in the long term. This conclusion is backed by the review of studies carried out in the State of Pará and other regions in the Legal Amazon, where legal mining takes place. Finally, there is no guarantee that allowing legalized mining on Indigenous lands will be a successful measure to stop illegal mining operations on Indigenous lands. When it comes to Indigenous Peoples’ rights, this research shows that draft bill 191/2020 does not respect Indigenous Peoples’ rights under national and international human rights law – especially when it comes to the right to participation and consultation, and the principle of free, prior and informed consent. (Less)
Abstract (Portuguese)
O presente estudo busca compreender os impactos da mineração sobre os direitos dos Povos Indígenas na Amazônia Brasileira. Para tanto, após uma introdução do contexto histórico, social e geográfico da mineração no Brasil, é descrito um quadro de direitos dos Povos Indígenas, e cada direito é analisado separadamente. Todos os direitos são interligados e interdependentes, mas torna-se evidente que para os Povos Indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira, o direito à terra, territórios e recursos naturais é essencial para a garantia de todos os demais direitos. A autora constata que todos os direitos descritos são impactados negativamente pela mineração, principalmente pela mineração ilegal de ouro. Os direitos dos Povos Indígenas são fortemente... (More)
O presente estudo busca compreender os impactos da mineração sobre os direitos dos Povos Indígenas na Amazônia Brasileira. Para tanto, após uma introdução do contexto histórico, social e geográfico da mineração no Brasil, é descrito um quadro de direitos dos Povos Indígenas, e cada direito é analisado separadamente. Todos os direitos são interligados e interdependentes, mas torna-se evidente que para os Povos Indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira, o direito à terra, territórios e recursos naturais é essencial para a garantia de todos os demais direitos. A autora constata que todos os direitos descritos são impactados negativamente pela mineração, principalmente pela mineração ilegal de ouro. Os direitos dos Povos Indígenas são fortemente respaldados pela legislação brasileira, e o Estado brasileiro se comprometeu a ratificar e assinar os mais importantes tratados de direitos humanos que abrangem os direitos dos Povos Indígenas. Não obstante, há uma discrepância entre o reconhecimento legal e a efetivação prática dos direitos dos Povos Indígenas.
Atualmente, a mineração em terras indígenas no Brasil não é legalizada. Assim, na segunda parte desta tese, é analisado o Projeto de Lei de regulamentação da mineração em terras indígenas, PL 191/2020. Dois dos principais argumentos para regular a mineração em terras indígenas são de que isso trará desenvolvimento socioeconômico para a região e para o país, e que a regulamentação pode apresentar-se como uma solução para a mineração ilegal. Em primeiro lugar, a autora apresenta um desafio conceitual na definição de “desenvolvimento”. Em segundo lugar, a autora constata que, embora a atividade mineradora legal possa trazer resultados positivos, como a contribuição por meio de royalties de mineração, isso não significa necessariamente que as regiões se beneficiem dela no longo prazo. Essa conclusão é respaldada pela revisão de estudos realizados no Estado do Pará e outras regiões da Amazônia Legal, onde ocorre a mineração legal. Finalmente, não há garantia de que permitir a mineração legal em terras indígenas seja uma medida bem-sucedida para impedir as operações de mineração ilegal em terras indígenas. Quando se trata dos direitos dos Povos Indígenas, esta pesquisa mostra que o Projeto de Lei (PL) 191/2020 não respeita os direitos dos Povos Indígenas previstos na legislação nacional e internacional de direitos humanos – especialmente em relação ao direito de participação e oitiva dos Povos Indígenas, e ao direito de consulta prévia, livre e informada. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Picchi Cappuccelli, Liliana LU
supervisor
organization
course
JAMM07 20221
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
Mining, gold, Indigenous Peoples, Brazilian Amazon, Indigenous lands, sustainable development
language
English
id
9101258
date added to LUP
2022-10-04 15:43:46
date last changed
2022-10-04 15:43:46
@misc{9101258,
  abstract     = {{The present study seeks to understand the impacts of mining on Indigenous Peoples’ rights in the Brazilian Amazon. For this purpose, after an introduction of the context of mining historically, socially, and geographically in Brazil, a framework of Indigenous Peoples’ rights is described, and each right analyzed separately. All rights are interconnected and interdependent, but it becomes evident that for Indigenous Peoples in the Brazilian Amazon, the right to land, territories and natural resources is essential for guaranteeing all other rights. The author finds that all rights described are negatively impacted by mining, mainly by illegal gold mining. Indigenous Peoples’ rights are strongly backed by Brazilian legislation, and the Brazilian State has committed to ratifying and signing the most important human rights treaties that cover the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Notwithstanding, there is a gap between the legal recognition and the practical realization of Indigenous Peoples’ rights.
Currently, mining in Indigenous lands in Brazil is not legal. Thus, in the second part of this thesis, the proposed draft bill for regulating mining in Indigenous lands, PL 191/2020, is analyzed. Two of the main arguments for regulating mining in Indigenous lands are that it will bring socioeconomic development to the region and the country, and that it can be a solution to illegal mining. Firstly, the author presents a conceptual challenge of defining “development”. Secondly, the author finds that although legal mining activity can bring positive outcomes, such as the contribution through mining royalties, it does not necessarily mean that regions benefit from it in the long term. This conclusion is backed by the review of studies carried out in the State of Pará and other regions in the Legal Amazon, where legal mining takes place. Finally, there is no guarantee that allowing legalized mining on Indigenous lands will be a successful measure to stop illegal mining operations on Indigenous lands. When it comes to Indigenous Peoples’ rights, this research shows that draft bill 191/2020 does not respect Indigenous Peoples’ rights under national and international human rights law – especially when it comes to the right to participation and consultation, and the principle of free, prior and informed consent.}},
  author       = {{Picchi Cappuccelli, Liliana}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Mining and Indigenous Peoples' rights: an analysis of the Brazilian Amazon from an international human rights law perspective}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}