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Allmänhetens insyn som medel mot aggressiv skatteplanering? En jämförelse mellan sekretessbelagd land-för-land-rapportering och offentlig inkomstskatterapportering samt en utvärdering av Dir. (EU) 2021/2101

Hallberg, Sarah LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
As a result of insufficient harmonization between domestic tax systems, opportunities have occurred for multinational enterprises (MNE’s) to use aggressive tax planning. To overcome the difficulties, countries must be able to exchange information about the MNE’s tax payments. OECD and the EU have developed country-by-country reporting (CbCR) to ease the exchange of information. CbCR contains an obligation for larger MNE Groups to submit tax information for each country in which they operate. In Swedish law, CbCR is implemented in chapter 33 a of the Tax Procedures Act. In order to protect sensitive information about the MNE Groups, the CbCR are confidential and are only exchanged between the tax administrations. As a complement to CbCR the... (More)
As a result of insufficient harmonization between domestic tax systems, opportunities have occurred for multinational enterprises (MNE’s) to use aggressive tax planning. To overcome the difficulties, countries must be able to exchange information about the MNE’s tax payments. OECD and the EU have developed country-by-country reporting (CbCR) to ease the exchange of information. CbCR contains an obligation for larger MNE Groups to submit tax information for each country in which they operate. In Swedish law, CbCR is implemented in chapter 33 a of the Tax Procedures Act. In order to protect sensitive information about the MNE Groups, the CbCR are confidential and are only exchanged between the tax administrations. As a complement to CbCR the European Commission presented a proposal that MNE’s tax information should be made public, to promote fiscal transparency and responsibility. As a result of the proposal, a directive was adopted in the autumn of 2021. The directive means that larger MNE’s, with operations within the EU, must establish and publish a report with information about the MNE’s tax payments (public CbCR). The directive has not yet been implemented in Swedish law. In order to investigate which constitutional changes that are required to incorporate the directive, an Official Report of the Swedish Government has been published at the beginning of the summer 2022.

This research paper aim to describe the current law of the CbCR and the public CbCR to identify similarities and differences between the reports, then discuss possible consequences of the similarities and differences. This paper states that the public CbCR is similar to CbCR, but there are also some differences, particularly how certain terms are used. One identified potential consequence is that the MNE’s could misunderstand what applies to each report. To ensure legal certainty and predictable tax legislation it would have been beneficial to use uniform terminology in the creation of the directive, with CbCR as a guidance.

Furthermore, the aim with the paper is to explain the motives on which the directive was based, as well as discuss the considerations that the EU has made when adopting it. The purpose is also to see how the directive and the Official Report of the Swedish Government have been received. A handful of motives have been identified in the research paper, and it is stated that the EU has had to make several considerations between different interests, advantages and disadvantages, when adopting the directive. The paper shows that the response of the directive has been of varying kinds. Criticism has mainly been received that the public CbCR is not comprehensive enough. It is also stated that the Official Report of the Swedish Government was mainly positively received, but it has been criticized that it could be difficult for the public to understand the content of the public CbCR. At last, it is stated that it is uncertain if the directive could have the desired effect and prevent the MNE’s aggressive tax planning, as the EU expects. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
På grund av bristande harmonisering mellan länders nationella skattesystem har det uppstått möjligheter för multinationella företag att använda sig av aggressiva skatteplaneringsmetoder. För att komma till bukt med problematiken krävs att länderna kan utbyta information om företagens skattebetalningar. För att främja informationsutbytet har OECD och EU tagit fram en åtgärd, så kallad land-för-land-rapportering, vilken medför en skyldighet för större multinationella koncerner att redovisa skatteuppgifter för varje land där verksamhet bedrivs. I Sverige har land-för-land-rapporteringen implementerats i 33 a kap. skatteförfarandelagen (2011:1244). För att skydda känsliga företagsuppgifter omfattas land-för-land-rapporterna av skattesekretess... (More)
På grund av bristande harmonisering mellan länders nationella skattesystem har det uppstått möjligheter för multinationella företag att använda sig av aggressiva skatteplaneringsmetoder. För att komma till bukt med problematiken krävs att länderna kan utbyta information om företagens skattebetalningar. För att främja informationsutbytet har OECD och EU tagit fram en åtgärd, så kallad land-för-land-rapportering, vilken medför en skyldighet för större multinationella koncerner att redovisa skatteuppgifter för varje land där verksamhet bedrivs. I Sverige har land-för-land-rapporteringen implementerats i 33 a kap. skatteförfarandelagen (2011:1244). För att skydda känsliga företagsuppgifter omfattas land-för-land-rapporterna av skattesekretess och utbyts endast mellan ländernas skattemyndigheter. Som ett komplement till land-för-land-rapporteringen presenterade EU-kommissionen ett förslag på att företagens inkomstskatteuppgifter borde offentliggöras, för att främja företagens skattemässiga transparens och ansvarstagande. Med anledning av EU-kommissionens förslag antogs ett EU-direktiv under hösten 2021. Direktivet innebär att större multinationella företag med verksamhet inom EU ska offentliggöra en rapport innehållande uppgifter om företagens skattebetalningar (inkomstskatterapport). Direktivet har ännu inte införlivats i svensk rätt, men för att utreda vilka författningsändringar som behövs publicerades en statlig offentlig utredning i början av sommaren 2022.

Ett av uppsatsens syften är att beskriva gällande rätt för land-för-land-rapporterna och inkomstskatterapporterna för att kunna identifiera likheter och skillnader mellan rapporterna, samt diskutera eventuella konsekvenser till följd av dessa likheter och skillnader. I uppsatsen konstateras att inkomstskatterapporteringen är mycket lik land-för-land-rapporteringen men att det också finns vissa skillnader, särskilt vad gäller användningen av termer och begrepp. En konsekvens som har identifierats tar sikte på risken för att de multinationella företagen missförstår vad som gäller för respektive rapport. Det konstateras att en enhetlig användning av termer borde ha eftersträvas vid utformningen av direktivet, med land-för-land-rapporteringen som utgångspunkt, för att säkerställa en rättssäker och förutsebar lagstiftning.

Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att redogöra för de motiv som direktivet grundats på, samt diskutera vilka avvägningar som EU har gjort vid antagandet. Syftet är också att utreda hur direktivet och den statliga offentliga utredningen har mottagits. I uppsatsen identifieras flera motiv och fastslås att EU har gjort flera avvägningar mellan olika intressen, samt för- och nackdelar, vid antagandet av direktivet. Det konstateras att mottagandet av direktivet varit av varierande slag, men att det främst framkommit kritik om att inkomstskatterapporten inte är tillräckligt omfattande. Mottagandet av den statliga offentliga utredningen har främst varit positivt, men det har framkommit kritik om att det kan vara svårt för allmänheten att förstå innehållet i inkomstskatterapporten. Slutligen konstateras att det är osäkert om direktivet kan få den eftersträvade effekten och motverka de multinationella företagens aggressiva skatteplanering som EU förväntar sig. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Hallberg, Sarah LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Public transparency to overcome aggressive tax planning? A comparison between confidential Country-by-Country Reporting and Public Country-by-Country Reporting, as well as an evaluation of Dir. (EU) 2021/2101
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, Land-för-land-rapportering, Country-by-Country Reporting, CbCR, Offentlig inkomstskatterapportering, Public CbCR
language
Swedish
id
9104679
date added to LUP
2023-01-24 09:10:35
date last changed
2023-01-24 09:10:35
@misc{9104679,
  abstract     = {{As a result of insufficient harmonization between domestic tax systems, opportunities have occurred for multinational enterprises (MNE’s) to use aggressive tax planning. To overcome the difficulties, countries must be able to exchange information about the MNE’s tax payments. OECD and the EU have developed country-by-country reporting (CbCR) to ease the exchange of information. CbCR contains an obligation for larger MNE Groups to submit tax information for each country in which they operate. In Swedish law, CbCR is implemented in chapter 33 a of the Tax Procedures Act. In order to protect sensitive information about the MNE Groups, the CbCR are confidential and are only exchanged between the tax administrations. As a complement to CbCR the European Commission presented a proposal that MNE’s tax information should be made public, to promote fiscal transparency and responsibility. As a result of the proposal, a directive was adopted in the autumn of 2021. The directive means that larger MNE’s, with operations within the EU, must establish and publish a report with information about the MNE’s tax payments (public CbCR). The directive has not yet been implemented in Swedish law. In order to investigate which constitutional changes that are required to incorporate the directive, an Official Report of the Swedish Government has been published at the beginning of the summer 2022.

This research paper aim to describe the current law of the CbCR and the public CbCR to identify similarities and differences between the reports, then discuss possible consequences of the similarities and differences. This paper states that the public CbCR is similar to CbCR, but there are also some differences, particularly how certain terms are used. One identified potential consequence is that the MNE’s could misunderstand what applies to each report. To ensure legal certainty and predictable tax legislation it would have been beneficial to use uniform terminology in the creation of the directive, with CbCR as a guidance.

Furthermore, the aim with the paper is to explain the motives on which the directive was based, as well as discuss the considerations that the EU has made when adopting it. The purpose is also to see how the directive and the Official Report of the Swedish Government have been received. A handful of motives have been identified in the research paper, and it is stated that the EU has had to make several considerations between different interests, advantages and disadvantages, when adopting the directive. The paper shows that the response of the directive has been of varying kinds. Criticism has mainly been received that the public CbCR is not comprehensive enough. It is also stated that the Official Report of the Swedish Government was mainly positively received, but it has been criticized that it could be difficult for the public to understand the content of the public CbCR. At last, it is stated that it is uncertain if the directive could have the desired effect and prevent the MNE’s aggressive tax planning, as the EU expects.}},
  author       = {{Hallberg, Sarah}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Allmänhetens insyn som medel mot aggressiv skatteplanering? En jämförelse mellan sekretessbelagd land-för-land-rapportering och offentlig inkomstskatterapportering samt en utvärdering av Dir. (EU) 2021/2101}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}