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Passivitetsverkan - En undersökning av inomkontraktuell reklamationsplikt

Björkheim, Victor LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
En hel del har skrivits om reklamationsplikten vid avtalsbrott. Trots det är rättsläget fortfarande oklart. Reklamationsplikten vid avtalsbrott är dock enbart en del av den inomkontraktuella reklamationsplikten. Högsta domstolen har under senare tid avgjort ett antal mål där en passivitetsprincip skapat en reklamationsplikt trots att det inte förelegat ett avtalsbrott. Högsta domstolen har i Kravmjölken och Svartöns pris konstaterat att den passivitetsprincipen är en annan princip än den passivitetsprincip som ligger till grund för reklamationsplikten vid avtalsbrott.

Uppsatsen undersöker och jämför dessa två passivitetsprinciper för att ge en ökad förståelse för när det föreligger en inomkontraktuell reklamationsplikt. Dessutom kan... (More)
En hel del har skrivits om reklamationsplikten vid avtalsbrott. Trots det är rättsläget fortfarande oklart. Reklamationsplikten vid avtalsbrott är dock enbart en del av den inomkontraktuella reklamationsplikten. Högsta domstolen har under senare tid avgjort ett antal mål där en passivitetsprincip skapat en reklamationsplikt trots att det inte förelegat ett avtalsbrott. Högsta domstolen har i Kravmjölken och Svartöns pris konstaterat att den passivitetsprincipen är en annan princip än den passivitetsprincip som ligger till grund för reklamationsplikten vid avtalsbrott.

Uppsatsen undersöker och jämför dessa två passivitetsprinciper för att ge en ökad förståelse för när det föreligger en inomkontraktuell reklamationsplikt. Dessutom kan läsaren få en förståelse för hur de två passivitetsprinciperna samspelar med lojalitetsplikten.

För att förstå reklamationsplikten måste man förstå varför den uppstår. En reklamation är en rättsbevarande handling. Genom att reklamera inom rätt tid hindrar man att en passivitetsregel orsakar en rättighetsförlust på grund av passiviteten.

Det finns en allmän kontraktsrättslig princip om reklamationsplikt vid avtalsbrott. Både frågan om vilken insikt den icke-avtalsbrytande parten behöver och vilken rättsföljd en utebliven reklamation ska leda till har inget tydligt svar utan bedömningen behöver göras utifrån den enskilda situationen. När det subjektiva rekvisitet, vilket kan kräva insikt eller enbart att den icke-kontraktsbrytande parten borde insett avtalsbrottet, behöver parten reklamera inom skälig tid. En generell regel kan utformas på följande sätt.

En part förlorar rätt att göra påföljd på grund av ett avtalsbrott gällande om han eller hon inte inom skälig tid från det att han eller hon märkt eller borde märkt avtalsbrottet lämnar meddelande till motparten.

Högsta domstolen har bekräftat att den passivitetsprincip som ligger till grund för den allmänna reklamationsplikten vid avtalsbrott inte är samma princip som ligger till grund för reklamationsplikten när det inte föreligger något avtalsbrott. Denna andra passivitetsprincip kan kallas passivitetsverkansprincipen.

Reklamationsplikten som skapas genom passivitetsverkansprincipen uppstår när motparten fått den befogade uppfattningen att parternas mellanhavanden är slutligt reglerade. En icke-uttömmande lista på när motparten en så-dan befogad uppfattning är när (1) en part vet att den andra parten inrättar sig på ett visst sätt i förlitan på en rättslig bedömning som är felaktig, (2) en part gett intrycket att han eftergivit sin rätt, (3) en part under mycket lång tid underlåtit att göra sin rätt gällande, eller (4) en part har anspråk på grund av motpartens avtalsbrott och en reklamationsregel har satts ur spel på grund av motpartens grovt vårdslösa handlande eller handlande i strid mot tro och heder.

Reklamationen behöver ske inom rimlig tid från det att motparten fått den befogade uppfattningen att parternas mellanhavanden är slutligt reglerade. Rimlig tid är en längre tidsfrist än skälig tid. En generell regel kan utformas på följande sätt.

En part förlorar rätt till anspråk med grund i ett avtalsförhållande om han eller hon inte inom rimlig tid efter det att motparten fått den befogade upp-fattningen att parternas mellanhavanden var slutligt reglerade meddelar motparten om anspråket.

Det finns betydande skillnader mellan de två passivitetsprinciperna. Av den anledningen är det av stor vikt att en part i ett avtalsförhållande utvärderar situationen som ligger för handen för att avgöra om och när en reklamationsplikt inträder. (Less)
Abstract
A lot has been published about the obligation to notify the breaching party of a breach of contract. Despite that, the legal position is still unclear. The obligation to notify a breaching party of a breach of contract is just one element of the requirement to notify a party in a contractual relationship. The Supreme Court has delivered judgment in several cases in which a passivity principle created an obligation to notify the other party although no breach of contract had been made. In NJA 2017 s. 203 and NJA 2022 s. 3 the Supreme Court confirmed that it exists two separate passivity principles. One principle which creates an obligation to notify the breaching party of a breach of contract and one principle which creates an obligation to... (More)
A lot has been published about the obligation to notify the breaching party of a breach of contract. Despite that, the legal position is still unclear. The obligation to notify a breaching party of a breach of contract is just one element of the requirement to notify a party in a contractual relationship. The Supreme Court has delivered judgment in several cases in which a passivity principle created an obligation to notify the other party although no breach of contract had been made. In NJA 2017 s. 203 and NJA 2022 s. 3 the Supreme Court confirmed that it exists two separate passivity principles. One principle which creates an obligation to notify the breaching party of a breach of contract and one principle which creates an obligation to notify the counterparty in other situations.

This essay examines and compares the two passivity principles to provide an increased understanding of when a party has an obligation to notify the other party in a contractual relationship. Furthermore, the reader will acquire an understanding of how the obligation interacts with the duty of loyalty.
To understand the obligation to notify the other party one needs to understand why the obligation exists. The notification is a right preserving action which stops the legal consequences of a passivity principle.

A general contractual principle regarding the obligation to notify the breaching party of a breach of contract already exists. Both the question regarding what insight the non-breaching party needs to have regarding the breach of contract and what legal consequence a neglected notification has is unclear and must be decided in the individual case. The following rule can be constructed.

A party loses the right to compensation because of a breach of contract if he or she does not notify the breaching party about the breach of contract within reasonable time (Sv. skälig tid) after the part realized or should have realized the breach of contract.

The Supreme Court confirmed that the passivity principle, which creates the obligation to notify the breaching party about a breach of contract, is not the same passivity principle which creates the obligation to notify the counterparty regarding other circumstances. This other passivity principle can be called the passivity effect principle (Sv. Passivitetsverkansprincipen).

The obligation to notify the counterparty arising from the passivity effect principle occurs when the counterparty has justified expectations that the parties’ relationship is finally settled. A non-exhaustive list of when the counterparty can get such expectation is when (1) the party knows that the counterparty adjusts to an erroneous legal analysis, (2) the party does not assert his or her rights for an extensive time, (3) the party does not assert his rights during a very long time, (4) the party has a claim based on the counterparties breach of contract but the usual obligation to notify the breaching party is inapplicable because of gross negligence or disloyal actions on be-half of the breaching party.

The notification must be sent within a fair time (Sv. Rimlig tid) from when the counterparty got the justified expectation that the parties’ relations was finally settled. The time frame of fair time is a longer time than reasonable time. The following rule can be constructed.

A party loses the right to claims based on a contractual relationship if he or she does not notify the counterparty within a fair time after the counterparty got the justified expectations that the parties’ relationship was finally settled.

There are considerable differences between the two passivity principles. Hence, it is vital that a party in a contractual relation assess the situation to determine if and when an obligation to notify the counterparty occurs. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Björkheim, Victor LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Principles of passivity - An examination of the duty to notify the other party in a contractual relationship
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Avtalsrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, civilrätt, reklamationsplikt, passivitet, passivitetsverkan, passivitetsverkansprincipen, inomkontraktuell reklamationsplikt, Restaurang Pelé, Kravmjölken, Skogssällskapet, Flyget till Antalya, Leksaksaffären i Vimmerby, Svartöns pris, Lägenheten på Karlaplan
language
Swedish
id
9104686
date added to LUP
2023-01-24 09:15:34
date last changed
2023-01-24 09:15:34
@misc{9104686,
  abstract     = {{A lot has been published about the obligation to notify the breaching party of a breach of contract. Despite that, the legal position is still unclear. The obligation to notify a breaching party of a breach of contract is just one element of the requirement to notify a party in a contractual relationship. The Supreme Court has delivered judgment in several cases in which a passivity principle created an obligation to notify the other party although no breach of contract had been made. In NJA 2017 s. 203 and NJA 2022 s. 3 the Supreme Court confirmed that it exists two separate passivity principles. One principle which creates an obligation to notify the breaching party of a breach of contract and one principle which creates an obligation to notify the counterparty in other situations. 

This essay examines and compares the two passivity principles to provide an increased understanding of when a party has an obligation to notify the other party in a contractual relationship. Furthermore, the reader will acquire an understanding of how the obligation interacts with the duty of loyalty. 
To understand the obligation to notify the other party one needs to understand why the obligation exists. The notification is a right preserving action which stops the legal consequences of a passivity principle. 

A general contractual principle regarding the obligation to notify the breaching party of a breach of contract already exists. Both the question regarding what insight the non-breaching party needs to have regarding the breach of contract and what legal consequence a neglected notification has is unclear and must be decided in the individual case. The following rule can be constructed.
 
A party loses the right to compensation because of a breach of contract if he or she does not notify the breaching party about the breach of contract within reasonable time (Sv. skälig tid) after the part realized or should have realized the breach of contract.

The Supreme Court confirmed that the passivity principle, which creates the obligation to notify the breaching party about a breach of contract, is not the same passivity principle which creates the obligation to notify the counterparty regarding other circumstances. This other passivity principle can be called the passivity effect principle (Sv. Passivitetsverkansprincipen). 

The obligation to notify the counterparty arising from the passivity effect principle occurs when the counterparty has justified expectations that the parties’ relationship is finally settled. A non-exhaustive list of when the counterparty can get such expectation is when (1) the party knows that the counterparty adjusts to an erroneous legal analysis, (2) the party does not assert his or her rights for an extensive time, (3) the party does not assert his rights during a very long time, (4) the party has a claim based on the counterparties breach of contract but the usual obligation to notify the breaching party is inapplicable because of gross negligence or disloyal actions on be-half of the breaching party. 

The notification must be sent within a fair time (Sv. Rimlig tid) from when the counterparty got the justified expectation that the parties’ relations was finally settled. The time frame of fair time is a longer time than reasonable time. The following rule can be constructed. 

A party loses the right to claims based on a contractual relationship if he or she does not notify the counterparty within a fair time after the counterparty got the justified expectations that the parties’ relationship was finally settled.

There are considerable differences between the two passivity principles. Hence, it is vital that a party in a contractual relation assess the situation to determine if and when an obligation to notify the counterparty occurs.}},
  author       = {{Björkheim, Victor}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Passivitetsverkan - En undersökning av inomkontraktuell reklamationsplikt}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}