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Bud på barnombud? - För- och nackdelar med att införa ombud för barn i vårdnadsmål

Axrud, Caroline LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen handlar om barnets rätt att komma till tals i vårdnadsmål. Rätten fastställs i barnkonventionens artikel 12. Artikeln gäller som lag i Sverige sedan 2020. Enligt artikel 12 ska konventionsstaterna tillförsäkra det barn som är i stånd att bilda egna åsikter rätten att fritt uttrycka dessa i alla frågor som rör barnet. Vidare ska barnet i alla domstolsförfaranden och administrativa förfaranden som rör barnet, särskilt beredas möjlighet att höras, antingen direkt eller genom en företrädare eller ett lämpligt organ. I vårdnadsmål behandlas frågor som i allra högsta grad berör barnet och påverkar barnets liv. Barnets bästa är avgörande i vårdnadsmål. Barnet har dock inte ställning som part eller talerätt i målet.

Syftet med... (More)
Uppsatsen handlar om barnets rätt att komma till tals i vårdnadsmål. Rätten fastställs i barnkonventionens artikel 12. Artikeln gäller som lag i Sverige sedan 2020. Enligt artikel 12 ska konventionsstaterna tillförsäkra det barn som är i stånd att bilda egna åsikter rätten att fritt uttrycka dessa i alla frågor som rör barnet. Vidare ska barnet i alla domstolsförfaranden och administrativa förfaranden som rör barnet, särskilt beredas möjlighet att höras, antingen direkt eller genom en företrädare eller ett lämpligt organ. I vårdnadsmål behandlas frågor som i allra högsta grad berör barnet och påverkar barnets liv. Barnets bästa är avgörande i vårdnadsmål. Barnet har dock inte ställning som part eller talerätt i målet.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på om barnet gynnas av att det införs möjlighet till ombud för barnet i vårdnadsmål. Detta undersöker jag utifrån ett barnrättsperspektiv, där rätten att komma till tals genomsyrar arbetet. I arbetet används den rättsdogmatiska samt den rättsanalytiska metoden. Detta för att kartlägga rättsläget respektive identifiera vilka effekter olika regler kan få i praktiken. Materialet som används för att göra det är de vedertagna rättskällorna; författningar, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin. Jag använder också material som går utanför rättskällorna såsom myndigheters föreskrifter, allmänna råd och handböcker. För att uppfylla syftet är huvudfrågeställningen vilka för- och nackdelar införandet av barnombud i vårdnadsmål kan medföra. Jag utreder detta genom att ta upp för- och nackdelar med ombud i två andra domstolsprocesser där barnet är part med ombud. Dessa är mål om underhåll och mål enligt LVU. Jag undersöker också vilka för- och nackdelar som framkommit i tidigare lagstiftningsarbete som behandlat ett eventuellt införande av ombud för barn i vårdnadsmål. De för- och nackdelar som identifieras appliceras på vårdnadsmålet som det ser ut idag.

De viktigaste för- och nackdelarna som framkommit med olika ombudskonstruktioner är som följer. Ett ombud kan göra nytta för barnet särskilt om ombudet tillförordnas tidigt i processen. Ett utomstående ombud är bättre för barnet än att barnet har sin förälder som ombud. Ombudet kan se till att barnets rätt att komma till tals tillgodoses i vissa moment i processen där det framkommit brister i att låta barnet komma till tals. Dessa är framförallt samarbetssamtal, upplysningar och vårdnadsutredningen. Nackdelar med ombud kan vara att barnet pressas att ta ställning i föräldrarnas konflikt, att konflikter uppkommer mellan barnet och föräldrarna, att handläggningen av målet kompliceras och att ombud medför ökade kostnader. Som motargument kan anges att barnet aldrig ska tvingas att ta ställning. Att barnet påverkas av föräldrarna är dessutom en risk även med dagens utformning. Ombudets befogenheter och när man väjer att förordna ombud kan också anpassas för att hålla nere kostnaderna och förenkla handläggningen. Fördelarna överväger nackdelarna från ett barnrättsperspektiv. Slutsatsen är därför att barnet gynnas av att få ett ombud i vårdnadsmål, genom att ombudet på ett bättre sätt än idag kan garantera barnet dess rätt att komma till tals i målet. (Less)
Abstract
The topic of the paper is the child's right to be heard in custody cases, as set out in Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention has been in force as law in Sweden since 2020. According to Article 12, States Parties shall assure a child capable of forming his or her own views, the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child. Furthermore, in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard, either directly or through a representative or an appropriate body. Custody proceedings deal with matters which are of the utmost importance to the child and to a large degree affect their life. The best... (More)
The topic of the paper is the child's right to be heard in custody cases, as set out in Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention has been in force as law in Sweden since 2020. According to Article 12, States Parties shall assure a child capable of forming his or her own views, the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child. Furthermore, in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard, either directly or through a representative or an appropriate body. Custody proceedings deal with matters which are of the utmost importance to the child and to a large degree affect their life. The best interests of the child are paramount in custody proceedings. However, the child is not a party to the case nor does it have the right of action.

The aim of the paper is to find out whether the child would benefit from the introduction of a representative for the child in custody cases. I examine this from a child rights perspective, where the right to be heard permeates the paper. In the paper I use the legal dogmatic and the legal analytical method. This is done to map out the legal situation and to identify the effects that different rules may have in practice. The source material used to do so is the established sources of law: constitutions, preparatory works, practice, and doctrine. I also use material that goes beyond the legal sources, such as government regulations, general advice, and manuals. In order to meet the objective, the main research question of the paper is what possible advantages and disadvantages the introduction of child representatives in custody cases may entail. I explore this by looking at the advantages and disadvantages of representation in two other court proceedings where the child is a party with representation. These are child maintenance payment cases and cases under the Care of Young Persons Act. I also examine the advantages and disadvantages that have emerged from previous legislative work on the possible introduction of representation for children in custody cases. The advantages and disadvantages identified are applied to custody cases as they stand today.

The main advantages and disadvantages of the different types of representation are as follows. A representative can be of benefit to the child especially if appointed early in the process. An outside representative is better for the child than having the child's parent as representative. The representative can ensure that the child's right to be heard is respected in certain parts of the process where shortcomings have been identified in allowing the child to be heard. These are in particular “cooperation talks” (samarbetssamtal), “information” (upplysningar) and the custody enquiry. The disadvantages may be that the child is pressured to take a position in the parents' conflict, that conflicts arise between the child and the parents, that it complicates the procedure, and that representation entails increased costs. A counterargument is that the child should never be forced to take a position as it is a right, not an obligation to express their views. Moreover, the risk of the child being influenced by the parents is also present with the current regulations. The powers of the representative and in which cases a representative is appointed could also be adapted to keep costs down and simplify the procedure. The advantages outweigh the disadvantages from a child rights perspective. The conclusion of the paper is therefore that the child benefits from having a representative in custody cases. Such representative would most likely better guard the child’s right to be heard than is the case with present regulations. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Axrud, Caroline LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Need for a children's representative? - Advantages and disadvantages of introducing a representative for children in custody cases
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
familjerätt, socialrätt, barnrätt
language
Swedish
id
9105013
date added to LUP
2023-01-24 09:03:40
date last changed
2023-01-24 09:03:40
@misc{9105013,
  abstract     = {{The topic of the paper is the child's right to be heard in custody cases, as set out in Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention has been in force as law in Sweden since 2020. According to Article 12, States Parties shall assure a child capable of forming his or her own views, the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child. Furthermore, in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard, either directly or through a representative or an appropriate body. Custody proceedings deal with matters which are of the utmost importance to the child and to a large degree affect their life. The best interests of the child are paramount in custody proceedings. However, the child is not a party to the case nor does it have the right of action. 

The aim of the paper is to find out whether the child would benefit from the introduction of a representative for the child in custody cases. I examine this from a child rights perspective, where the right to be heard permeates the paper. In the paper I use the legal dogmatic and the legal analytical method. This is done to map out the legal situation and to identify the effects that different rules may have in practice. The source material used to do so is the established sources of law: constitutions, preparatory works, practice, and doctrine. I also use material that goes beyond the legal sources, such as government regulations, general advice, and manuals. In order to meet the objective, the main research question of the paper is what possible advantages and disadvantages the introduction of child representatives in custody cases may entail. I explore this by looking at the advantages and disadvantages of representation in two other court proceedings where the child is a party with representation. These are child maintenance payment cases and cases under the Care of Young Persons Act. I also examine the advantages and disadvantages that have emerged from previous legislative work on the possible introduction of representation for children in custody cases. The advantages and disadvantages identified are applied to custody cases as they stand today. 

The main advantages and disadvantages of the different types of representation are as follows. A representative can be of benefit to the child especially if appointed early in the process. An outside representative is better for the child than having the child's parent as representative. The representative can ensure that the child's right to be heard is respected in certain parts of the process where shortcomings have been identified in allowing the child to be heard. These are in particular “cooperation talks” (samarbetssamtal), “information” (upplysningar) and the custody enquiry. The disadvantages may be that the child is pressured to take a position in the parents' conflict, that conflicts arise between the child and the parents, that it complicates the procedure, and that representation entails increased costs. A counterargument is that the child should never be forced to take a position as it is a right, not an obligation to express their views. Moreover, the risk of the child being influenced by the parents is also present with the current regulations. The powers of the representative and in which cases a representative is appointed could also be adapted to keep costs down and simplify the procedure. The advantages outweigh the disadvantages from a child rights perspective. The conclusion of the paper is therefore that the child benefits from having a representative in custody cases. Such representative would most likely better guard the child’s right to be heard than is the case with present regulations.}},
  author       = {{Axrud, Caroline}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Bud på barnombud? - För- och nackdelar med att införa ombud för barn i vårdnadsmål}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}