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Staten och horan - En rättshistorisk studie om vilka drivkrafter som föregick prostitutionslagstiftningens utveckling och statens förändrade inställning mellan åren 1850 och 1999

Hagman, Matilda LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the driving forces that preceded and motivated the developments of the law in legislation concerning prostitution between the years of 1850 and 1999 in Sweden. Further more, the paper describes how the state's attitude towards prostitution and prostituted women was expressed in the legislative development process. The work has been undertaken using a legal-historical method to derive and interpret the course of the legislative de-velopment process.
The investigation is divided into two parts. The first part covers the period between 1850 and 1919, when prostitution was regulated. The implication of the regulatory system implied that prostituted women had to submit to medical examination and strict rules of... (More)
This paper aims to investigate the driving forces that preceded and motivated the developments of the law in legislation concerning prostitution between the years of 1850 and 1999 in Sweden. Further more, the paper describes how the state's attitude towards prostitution and prostituted women was expressed in the legislative development process. The work has been undertaken using a legal-historical method to derive and interpret the course of the legislative de-velopment process.
The investigation is divided into two parts. The first part covers the period between 1850 and 1919, when prostitution was regulated. The implication of the regulatory system implied that prostituted women had to submit to medical examination and strict rules of order. Furthermore, these women had to live quietly and not attract attention. Failure to comply with the rules could result in penal servitude under the Statutes of Defencelessness and later the Law of Solicitation, which provided the legal basis for the regulatory system. Initially, it was the doctors who were the driving force behind the introduction of the regulation system, but when it was extended in 1875, the police took over. The official aim was to combat the spread of venereal diseases. In addition, there was the unofficial aim of increasing morality in society. Prostituted women were identified as the greatest threat to the demoralisation of society and the main spreaders of venereal diseases. The women who sold their bod-ies therefore became the focus of sanctions and control. The state authorities defined the prostituted woman as socially dangerous and her protective value was subordinated to the good of society. She was a necessary evil that should exist but not be noticed. The regulations were abolished as a result of criti-cism, mainly from women, of their medical, legal and moral inadequacies. Social attitudes shifted and the system was found to be sanitarily ineffective. The real breakthrough that realised the law change was the changing opinion of doctors about the effectiveness of the system.
The second part of the study covers the period between 1919 and 1999, when the Sex Purchase Act was introduced. Sweden had become more prosperous and women were waging a feminist struggle for equal rights. This was ac-companied by the sexual revolution and a liberal view of sexuality and sex. A government inquiry was produced which proposed decriminalisation and re-duced penalties for sexual offenses. The inquiry aroused strong reactions and a great deal of opposition, which finally resulted in the criminalisation of the purchase of sex. The general attitude of the state towards prostitution and the prostituted woman was that she herself was to blame for ending up on the street and it was up to her to accept the help offered by society. The focus was on social and preventive measures to prevent women from falling into prosti-tution. The driving force behind the criminalisation of buying sex, but not selling sex, was women fighting for women's increased rights. The investiga-tion of prostitution as part of men's violence against women, together with the highlighting of power structures, changed the problem of prostitution. The reason behind prostitution and its entertaining factor was derived from the demand, not the woman selling her body. Instead, her vulnerability and dis-tress were highlighted, factors exploited by the sex buyer. With the introduc-tion of the law prohibiting the purchase of sexual services, Sweden became the first country in the world to criminalise the buying but not the selling of sex. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Förevarande uppsats syftar till att utreda vilka drivkrafter som föregick och motiverade rättsutvecklingen inom prostitutionslagstiftningen mellan åren 1850 och 1999. Därtill redogör uppsatsen för hur statsmaktens inställning gentemot prostitution och prostituerade kvinnor tog sig uttryck i den legisla-tiva utvecklingsprocessen. Arbetet har genomförts med hjälp av en rättshisto-risk metod för att härleda och tolka den legislativa utvecklingsprocessens ske-ende.
Utredningen är uppdelad i två delar. Den första täcker tidsperioden mellan åren 1850 och 1919, när prostitutionen var reglementerad. Innebörden av reg-lementeringssystemet var att de prostituerade kvinnorna var tvungna att un-derkasta sig medicinsk besiktning och strikta... (More)
Förevarande uppsats syftar till att utreda vilka drivkrafter som föregick och motiverade rättsutvecklingen inom prostitutionslagstiftningen mellan åren 1850 och 1999. Därtill redogör uppsatsen för hur statsmaktens inställning gentemot prostitution och prostituerade kvinnor tog sig uttryck i den legisla-tiva utvecklingsprocessen. Arbetet har genomförts med hjälp av en rättshisto-risk metod för att härleda och tolka den legislativa utvecklingsprocessens ske-ende.
Utredningen är uppdelad i två delar. Den första täcker tidsperioden mellan åren 1850 och 1919, när prostitutionen var reglementerad. Innebörden av reg-lementeringssystemet var att de prostituerade kvinnorna var tvungna att un-derkasta sig medicinsk besiktning och strikta ordningsregler. Kvinnorna skulle leva i skymundan och inte dra till sig uppmärksamhet. Om reglerna inte efterlevdes kunde följden bli straffarbete i enlighet med försvarslöshetsstad-garna och senare lösdriverilagen, som utgjorde rättsligt underlag för reglemen-teringssystemet. Initialt var det läkarna som utgjorde drivkraften bakom infö-randet av reglementeringssystemet. Vid dess utvidgning år 1875 tog polis-myndigheten över som den mest drivande parten. Det officiella målet var att bekämpa könssjukdomars smittspridning. Därtill hörde det inofficiella målet som var att öka sedlighet och moral i samhället. De prostituerade kvinnorna utpekades som det största hotet för demoralisering av samhället och som könssjukdomarnas största spridare. Kvinnorna som sålde sina kroppar blev därför fokus för sanktioner och kontroll. Statsmakterna definierade den prosti-tuerade kvinnan som samhällsfarlig, varför hennes skyddsvärde underkasta-des samhällets bästa. Hon var ett nödvändigt ont som skulle finnas men inte märkas av. Reglementet avskaffades till följd av att främst kvinnor kritiserade dess medicinska, rättsliga och moraliska bristfällighet. Samhällssynen skiftade och systemet konstaterades vara sanitärt verkningslöst. Det reella genombrot-tet som realiserade lagändring var läkares ändrade åsikt om systemets effekti-vitet.
Utredningens andra del omfattar perioden mellan åren 1919 och 1999 då sex-köpslagen infördes. Sverige hade fått ett ökat välstånd och kvinnor förde en feministisk kamp för lika rättigheter som den svenske mannen. Till detta följde den sexuella revolutionen och en liberal syn på sexualitet och sex. En statlig utredning framställdes där avkriminaliseringar och straffmildringar inom sex-ualbrotten föreslogs. Utredningen väckte starka reaktioner och ett stort mot-stånd som efter en ny utredning slutligen resulterade i kriminaliseringen av sexköp. Statsmaktens generella inställning gentemot prostitution och den pro-stituerade kvinnan var att hon själv bar skulden för att hamnat på gatan och det var upp till henne att ta emot den hjälp samhället erbjöd. Fokus låg på sociala och preventiva åtgärder för att förhindra att kvinnor hamnade i prostitution. Drivkraften som låg bakom kriminaliseringen av sexköp, men inte säljande av sex, var kvinnor som kämpade för kvinnors ökade rättigheter. Genom att pro-stitution utreddes som en del av mäns våld mot kvinnor tillsammans med ett synliggörande av maktstrukturer ändrades problemställningen inom prostitut-ion. Orsaken bakom prostitutionen och dess vidmakthållande faktor härleddes till efterfrågan, inte kvinnan som säljer sin kropp. I stället lyftes hennes utsatt-het och nöd, faktorer som sexköparen utnyttjade. Genom införandet av lagen om förbud mot köp av sexuella tjänster blev Sverige första land i världen att kriminalisera köpande men inte säljande av sex. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Hagman, Matilda LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The State and the Whore - A study in legal history of the driving forces behind the development of prostitution legislation and the changing attitude of the state between 1850 and 1999
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
rättshistoria, legal history, reglementering, prostitution, sexköpslagen
language
Swedish
id
9105033
date added to LUP
2023-01-24 09:05:02
date last changed
2023-01-24 09:05:02
@misc{9105033,
  abstract     = {{This paper aims to investigate the driving forces that preceded and motivated the developments of the law in legislation concerning prostitution between the years of 1850 and 1999 in Sweden. Further more, the paper describes how the state's attitude towards prostitution and prostituted women was expressed in the legislative development process. The work has been undertaken using a legal-historical method to derive and interpret the course of the legislative de-velopment process. 
The investigation is divided into two parts. The first part covers the period between 1850 and 1919, when prostitution was regulated. The implication of the regulatory system implied that prostituted women had to submit to medical examination and strict rules of order. Furthermore, these women had to live quietly and not attract attention. Failure to comply with the rules could result in penal servitude under the Statutes of Defencelessness and later the Law of Solicitation, which provided the legal basis for the regulatory system. Initially, it was the doctors who were the driving force behind the introduction of the regulation system, but when it was extended in 1875, the police took over. The official aim was to combat the spread of venereal diseases. In addition, there was the unofficial aim of increasing morality in society. Prostituted women were identified as the greatest threat to the demoralisation of society and the main spreaders of venereal diseases. The women who sold their bod-ies therefore became the focus of sanctions and control. The state authorities defined the prostituted woman as socially dangerous and her protective value was subordinated to the good of society. She was a necessary evil that should exist but not be noticed. The regulations were abolished as a result of criti-cism, mainly from women, of their medical, legal and moral inadequacies. Social attitudes shifted and the system was found to be sanitarily ineffective. The real breakthrough that realised the law change was the changing opinion of doctors about the effectiveness of the system. 
The second part of the study covers the period between 1919 and 1999, when the Sex Purchase Act was introduced. Sweden had become more prosperous and women were waging a feminist struggle for equal rights. This was ac-companied by the sexual revolution and a liberal view of sexuality and sex. A government inquiry was produced which proposed decriminalisation and re-duced penalties for sexual offenses. The inquiry aroused strong reactions and a great deal of opposition, which finally resulted in the criminalisation of the purchase of sex. The general attitude of the state towards prostitution and the prostituted woman was that she herself was to blame for ending up on the street and it was up to her to accept the help offered by society. The focus was on social and preventive measures to prevent women from falling into prosti-tution. The driving force behind the criminalisation of buying sex, but not selling sex, was women fighting for women's increased rights. The investiga-tion of prostitution as part of men's violence against women, together with the highlighting of power structures, changed the problem of prostitution. The reason behind prostitution and its entertaining factor was derived from the demand, not the woman selling her body. Instead, her vulnerability and dis-tress were highlighted, factors exploited by the sex buyer. With the introduc-tion of the law prohibiting the purchase of sexual services, Sweden became the first country in the world to criminalise the buying but not the selling of sex.}},
  author       = {{Hagman, Matilda}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Staten och horan - En rättshistorisk studie om vilka drivkrafter som föregick prostitutionslagstiftningens utveckling och statens förändrade inställning mellan åren 1850 och 1999}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}