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Dold samäganderätt i förhållande till den "dolde ägarens" borgenärer – En stötande acceptans av rättsordningen?

Ahnborg, Emilia LU (2022) LAGF03 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The need for economic protection in family law is the main reason for the cre-ated concept of hidden co-ownership in case law. Given the special communi-ty that arises in a marriage or cohabitation relationship, it can be seen as a nat-ural starting point that property purchased for joint use by one person, with contributions from the other, should be owned jointly.
The construction of hidden co-ownership is based on commission acquisition and does not constitute actual ownership, but has been described in case law as an obligation-based claim for the hidden owner to be included as a co-owner of a share of the property against the open owner. This principle there-fore allows spouses and cohabitants to co-own property in more cases than if... (More)
The need for economic protection in family law is the main reason for the cre-ated concept of hidden co-ownership in case law. Given the special communi-ty that arises in a marriage or cohabitation relationship, it can be seen as a nat-ural starting point that property purchased for joint use by one person, with contributions from the other, should be owned jointly.
The construction of hidden co-ownership is based on commission acquisition and does not constitute actual ownership, but has been described in case law as an obligation-based claim for the hidden owner to be included as a co-owner of a share of the property against the open owner. This principle there-fore allows spouses and cohabitants to co-own property in more cases than if general property law principles were applied. Legal literature and case law have argued that giving a contract-based construction to a problem rooted in family law can cause various problems.
Hidden co-ownership can be considered to exist between spouses if a com-mon intention at the time of acquisition can be shown. If this cannot be prov-en, a presumption of such an intention arises if the person claiming hidden co-ownership can prove that the property was acquired for joint use, that they contributed financially to the purchase, and that there is support for the parties' attitude at the time of acquisition being that the residence would be held with co-ownership. The legal rule can therefore be seen as an evidence rule - al-most a presumption rule. The presumption can therefore be broken by pre-senting evidence that any of the conditions are not present.
When acquiring a joint residence, it is not uncommon for one party to acci-dentally become the sole purchaser of a property despite both parties contrib-uting to the acquisition. In these situations, the family law need for protection justifies a claim for hidden co-ownership. However, hidden co-ownership may exist in a situation where the family law need for protection is questiona-ble. Specifically, if the acquisition of the property has been made in the name of one spouse or cohabitant to hide the property from the other party's credi-tors. The concept therefore gives rise to difficult conflicts between the family law need for economic protection, and the third-party obligations-based claims against the hidden owner.
The hidden co-ownership is firmly established in legal literature due to its incompatibility with other rules and has therefore given rise to a range of problems in almost all areas of law. It has been argued in case law that accept-ing the legal system's allowance for the hidden owner to hide their property from their creditors should be considered inconsistent and offensive. Legal literature and case law have argued that the protection interest that once existed for the hidden owner is no longer applicable with the same strength due to the introduction of new marriage legislation and cohabitation legislation since the institute was created.
This thesis examines the relationship between the principle of hidden co-ownership for the joint residence of spouses and cohabitants, as created in case law, and the conflicts with opposing protection interests that arise in the application of law from a historical legal perspective. The purpose is to exam-ine the circumstances that the legal interpreter takes into account in the as-sessment of the parties' common intention in order to determine which protec-tion interests are prioritized and most strongly protected in the application of law. The conclusion is that the consideration of opposing protection values in the assessment of the principle of hidden co-ownership can be considered to have reached its peak. The family law protection interest can be considered to have a more protected position in the application of law and can almost be considered uncompromising in relation to the hidden owner's creditors. There needs to be some balance, in the form of justice, as some form of consequenc-es and predictability should be achieved in legal proceedings. For the type of situations examined in the thesis, it may be more suitable to treat a hidden owner's financial contributions through other regulations, such as loans or gifts, rather than through the concept of hidden co-ownership. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Det familjerättsliga behovet av ekonomiskt skydd är den främsta orsaken till den i praxis skapade rättsfiguren dold samäganderätt. Med hänsyn till den speciella gemenskap som uppstår i ett äktenskap eller samboförhållande kan det ses som en naturlig utgångspunkt att egendom som inköpts för gemensamt bruk av den ene, med bidrag från den andre, ska ägas gemensamt.

Den dolda samäganderättens konstruktion är i praxis grundad i kommissions-förvärvet och utgör ingen egentlig äganderätt utan har i rättspraxis beskrivits som ett obligationsrättsligt anspråk för den dolde ägaren att mot den öppne ägaren få bli insatt som samägare till andel i egendom. Principen möjliggör därmed för makar och sambor att samäga egendom i fler fall än om allmänna... (More)
Det familjerättsliga behovet av ekonomiskt skydd är den främsta orsaken till den i praxis skapade rättsfiguren dold samäganderätt. Med hänsyn till den speciella gemenskap som uppstår i ett äktenskap eller samboförhållande kan det ses som en naturlig utgångspunkt att egendom som inköpts för gemensamt bruk av den ene, med bidrag från den andre, ska ägas gemensamt.

Den dolda samäganderättens konstruktion är i praxis grundad i kommissions-förvärvet och utgör ingen egentlig äganderätt utan har i rättspraxis beskrivits som ett obligationsrättsligt anspråk för den dolde ägaren att mot den öppne ägaren få bli insatt som samägare till andel i egendom. Principen möjliggör därmed för makar och sambor att samäga egendom i fler fall än om allmänna förmögenhetsrättsliga principer tillämpades. Det har i doktrin och rättspraxis anförts medföra problem av olika slag att ge en kontraktsrättslig konstruktion åt en problematik som bottnar i familjerättslig hänsyn.

Den dolda samäganderätten har kunnat ansetts föreligga mellan makar om en gemensam partsavsikt vid tidpunkten för förvärvet kunnat visas. Om detta inte går att bevisa inträder en presumtion om en sådan avsikt om den som gör an-språk på dold samäganderätt kan bevisa att egendomen anskaffats för gemen-samt bruk, att denne bidragit ekonomiskt till köpet och att det finns stöd för att parternas inställning vid förvärvet varit att bostaden skulle innehas med samä-ganderätt. Rättsregeln kan därmed ses som en bevisregel – närmast en slags presumtionsregel. Presumtionen kan därmed brytas genom att föra bevisning om att någon av förutsättningarna inte är för handen.

Vid förvärv av gemensam bostad är det inte ovanligt att ena parten genom slumpartade omständigheter kommit att stå ensam som förvärvare av en fas-tighet trots att båda bidragit till förvärvet. I dessa situationer motiverar det fa-miljerättsliga skyddsintresset anspråk på dold samäganderätt. Dold samägan-derätt kan emellertid föreligga i en situation där det familjerättsliga skyddsin-tresset är diskutabelt. Nämligen om fastighetsförvärvet skett i ena makens eller sambons namn i syfte att dölja egendom från den andra partens borgenärer. Rättsfiguren ger därmed upphov till svårhanterliga konflikter mellan å ena sidan det familjerättsliga behovet av ekonomiskt skydd, å andra sidan tredje mans obligationsrättsliga anspråk gentemot den dolde ägaren.

Den dolda samäganderätten får anses vara hårt ansatt i doktrinen på grund av konstruktionens oförenlighet med andra regler och har därmed gett upphov till en rad problem på näst intill samtliga rättsområden. Det har i praxis anförts att en acceptans av rättsordningen att den dolde ägaren kan dölja sin egendom för sina borgenärer för att sedan – när anspråken måhända kan ha preskriberats – göra gällande sin dolda samäganderätt bör anses vara inkonsekvent och stö-tande. Det har i doktrin och praxis anförts att det skyddsintresse som en gång fanns för den dolde ägaren idag inte gör sig gällande med samma styrka då ny äktenskapslagstiftning – och sambolagstiftning tillkommit sedan institutet till-skapades.

I denna uppsats undersöks förhållandet mellan den i praxis tillskapade princi-pen om dold samäganderätt till makars och sambors gemensamma bostad och de konflikter till motstående skyddsintressen som uppstår i rättstillämpningen ur ett rättshistoriskt perspektiv. Ändamålet är att undersöka vilka omständig-heter rättstillämparen beaktar i prövningen av parternas gemensamma avsikt i syfte att utröna vilka skyddsintressen som prioriteras och skyddas starkast i rättstillämpningen. Slutsatsen är att beaktandet av motstående skyddsvärden vid bedömningen av principen om dold samäganderätt får anses ha dragits till sin spets. Det familjerättsliga skyddsintresset får anses ha en mer skyddsvärd ställning i rättstillämpningen och kan nästintill anses orubblig i förhållande till den dolde ägarens borgenärer. Det krävs någon balans närmast i form av rätt-visa, detta då någon form av konsekvens och förutsebarhet bör uppnås i rätt-skipningen. För i uppsatsen undersökta typsituationer torde det lämpa sig bättre att behandla en dold ägares ekonomiska tillskott genom andra regelverk än dold samäganderätt, som exempelvis lån eller gåva. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ahnborg, Emilia LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20222
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Familjerätt, avtalsrätt, dold samäganderätt, prejudikatskapad rätt
language
Swedish
id
9105125
date added to LUP
2023-02-03 15:37:23
date last changed
2023-02-03 15:37:23
@misc{9105125,
  abstract     = {{The need for economic protection in family law is the main reason for the cre-ated concept of hidden co-ownership in case law. Given the special communi-ty that arises in a marriage or cohabitation relationship, it can be seen as a nat-ural starting point that property purchased for joint use by one person, with contributions from the other, should be owned jointly.
The construction of hidden co-ownership is based on commission acquisition and does not constitute actual ownership, but has been described in case law as an obligation-based claim for the hidden owner to be included as a co-owner of a share of the property against the open owner. This principle there-fore allows spouses and cohabitants to co-own property in more cases than if general property law principles were applied. Legal literature and case law have argued that giving a contract-based construction to a problem rooted in family law can cause various problems.
Hidden co-ownership can be considered to exist between spouses if a com-mon intention at the time of acquisition can be shown. If this cannot be prov-en, a presumption of such an intention arises if the person claiming hidden co-ownership can prove that the property was acquired for joint use, that they contributed financially to the purchase, and that there is support for the parties' attitude at the time of acquisition being that the residence would be held with co-ownership. The legal rule can therefore be seen as an evidence rule - al-most a presumption rule. The presumption can therefore be broken by pre-senting evidence that any of the conditions are not present.
When acquiring a joint residence, it is not uncommon for one party to acci-dentally become the sole purchaser of a property despite both parties contrib-uting to the acquisition. In these situations, the family law need for protection justifies a claim for hidden co-ownership. However, hidden co-ownership may exist in a situation where the family law need for protection is questiona-ble. Specifically, if the acquisition of the property has been made in the name of one spouse or cohabitant to hide the property from the other party's credi-tors. The concept therefore gives rise to difficult conflicts between the family law need for economic protection, and the third-party obligations-based claims against the hidden owner.
The hidden co-ownership is firmly established in legal literature due to its incompatibility with other rules and has therefore given rise to a range of problems in almost all areas of law. It has been argued in case law that accept-ing the legal system's allowance for the hidden owner to hide their property from their creditors should be considered inconsistent and offensive. Legal literature and case law have argued that the protection interest that once existed for the hidden owner is no longer applicable with the same strength due to the introduction of new marriage legislation and cohabitation legislation since the institute was created.
This thesis examines the relationship between the principle of hidden co-ownership for the joint residence of spouses and cohabitants, as created in case law, and the conflicts with opposing protection interests that arise in the application of law from a historical legal perspective. The purpose is to exam-ine the circumstances that the legal interpreter takes into account in the as-sessment of the parties' common intention in order to determine which protec-tion interests are prioritized and most strongly protected in the application of law. The conclusion is that the consideration of opposing protection values in the assessment of the principle of hidden co-ownership can be considered to have reached its peak. The family law protection interest can be considered to have a more protected position in the application of law and can almost be considered uncompromising in relation to the hidden owner's creditors. There needs to be some balance, in the form of justice, as some form of consequenc-es and predictability should be achieved in legal proceedings. For the type of situations examined in the thesis, it may be more suitable to treat a hidden owner's financial contributions through other regulations, such as loans or gifts, rather than through the concept of hidden co-ownership.}},
  author       = {{Ahnborg, Emilia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Dold samäganderätt i förhållande till den "dolde ägarens" borgenärer – En stötande acceptans av rättsordningen?}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}