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Språk, verklighet & medverkansläran – En granskning av gärningsmannaskapets innebörd

Svensson Ahlberg, Petronella LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
When several individuals have been involved in a criminal act, the court allocates roles between perpetrators, instigators, and accomplices. Regarding the first role of responsibility, an individual may himself or jointly with others have carried out the criminal act, alternatively be considered the perpetrator. Thus, Swedish criminal law encompasses a multifaceted concept of a perpetrator. An initial dogmatic consideration is whether the designation only should refer to the person who performed the act in the sense of the penalty provision. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to examine the doctrine of perpetrator, particularly the reasons for and consequences of its interpretation. The study is conducted based on the notion that... (More)
When several individuals have been involved in a criminal act, the court allocates roles between perpetrators, instigators, and accomplices. Regarding the first role of responsibility, an individual may himself or jointly with others have carried out the criminal act, alternatively be considered the perpetrator. Thus, Swedish criminal law encompasses a multifaceted concept of a perpetrator. An initial dogmatic consideration is whether the designation only should refer to the person who performed the act in the sense of the penalty provision. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to examine the doctrine of perpetrator, particularly the reasons for and consequences of its interpretation. The study is conducted based on the notion that philosophical science can deepen or at least inspire the discussion of criminal law theory.

Regarding the criminal law's view of individual conduct, it is noted that it does not correspond with the general public’s perception of what it is, nor with academic philosophical theories. Research in general philosophy has investigated what it means to do something on one's own. It is presented therein that an action, which forms the basis of the criminal act, must consist of a bodily movement. Specifically, based on the concept of action, as well as causality, other forms of responsibility, and the classification's relation to the gravity of the offense, the essay clarifies that several forms of perpetrator lack a scientific foundation. This includes indirect, extended, and converted perpetration.

A joint performance is considered something beyond what was achieved individually. In its most extreme form, the dogmatic construction co-perpetration can therefore be applied to a complicity which does not fulfill any of the requirements for the crime in question. That individual is judged as a co- perpetrator based on what he did jointly with others. Philosophers also believe that joint action is a special form of agency. However, there is no consensus on what the action entails. One theory describes the action as something transpersonal and collective.

The essay clarifies, considering the research, that there are no grounds for a description and assessment on the collective level within criminal law. Instead, the co-perpetration appears to be highly problematic. Several criteria which are taken into account are unrealistic and fluid. Moreover, the examination reveals implications in assessing culpability, which undermine individual criminal responsibility, the assessment of the severity of the punishment and the requirement of proportionality. The view of joint action also poses special considerations for practitioners when formulating statement of the criminal act as charged and reasoning, which becomes problematic for individuals accused or convicted of a crime.

For a language- and reality-adapted administration of justice, it is necessary that the intention to describe a specific occurrence as something joint does not preclude individuals from being assessed and categorized individually. Therefore, it is incorrect to equate joint execution with perpetration. Such an application, as well as the general concept of perpetration, solely seem to be measures influenced by criminal politics aligning to the current increasingly harsher political climate. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
När flera individer har varit involverade i en brottslig gärning gör rättstillämparen en rollfördelning mellan gärningsmän, anstiftare och medhjälpare. Vad gäller den första ansvarsrollen kan en individ själv eller gemensamt med andra ha utfört gärningen, alternativt vara att anse som gärningsman. I den svenska straffrätten återfinns således ett mångfacetterat gärningsmannabegrepp. En initial dogmatisk fundering är om inte beteckningen enbart borde avse den som har utfört gärningen i straffbestämmelsens mening. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att granska läran om gärningsmannaskap, särskilt skälen till och följderna av dess innebörd. Studiet sker utifrån en föreställning om att den filosofiska vetenskapen kan fördjupa, eller i vart fall... (More)
När flera individer har varit involverade i en brottslig gärning gör rättstillämparen en rollfördelning mellan gärningsmän, anstiftare och medhjälpare. Vad gäller den första ansvarsrollen kan en individ själv eller gemensamt med andra ha utfört gärningen, alternativt vara att anse som gärningsman. I den svenska straffrätten återfinns således ett mångfacetterat gärningsmannabegrepp. En initial dogmatisk fundering är om inte beteckningen enbart borde avse den som har utfört gärningen i straffbestämmelsens mening. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att granska läran om gärningsmannaskap, särskilt skälen till och följderna av dess innebörd. Studiet sker utifrån en föreställning om att den filosofiska vetenskapen kan fördjupa, eller i vart fall inspirera, den straffrättsteoretiska diskussionen härom.

Vad gäller straffrättens syn på individuellt handlande konstateras att den inte överensstämmer med allmänhetens uppfattning eller fackfilosofiska teorier. Vad det innebär att göra något på egen hand har nämligen studerats i allmän-filosofisk forskning. Däri presenteras att en handling, vilken ligger till grund för den juridiska gärningen, måste bestå av en kroppslig rörelse. Uppsatsen tydliggör, särskilt mot bakgrund av handlingsbegrepp, men även kausalitet, övriga ansvarsformer och rubriceringens relation till straffvärdet, att flera varianter av gärningsmannaskap saknar vetenskaplig grund. Det avser medelbara, utvidgade och konverterade gärningsmannaskap.

Vidare betraktas ett gemensamt utförande som något utöver det som åstadkommits individuellt. I sin yttersta form kan den dogmatiska konstruktionen medgärningsmannaskap därför tillämpas på en medverkande som i objektiv mening inte uppfyller något rekvisit för det aktuella brottet. Den individen döms som medgärningsman utefter vad den gjort gemensamt med andra. Även filosofer anser att ett gemensamt handlande är en särskild form av agens. Det råder däremot inte konsensus om vad agerandet innebär. Särskilt en filosofisk teori beskriver handlandet som transpersonellt och kollektivt.

Uppsatsen tydliggör, mot bakgrund av forskningen, att det i ett straffrättsligt sammanhang saknas skäl för en beskrivning och bedömning på det gemensamma planet. Institutet framstår i stället som högst problematiskt. Flera kriterier som beaktas inför ett ådömande i medgärningsmannaskap är verklighetsfrånvända och flytande. Granskningen visar dessutom implikationer vid skuldbedömningen, vilka efterger det individuella straffansvaret, straffvärdebedömningen och kravet på proportionalitet. Synen på det gemensamma ställer även praktiker inför särskilda överväganden vid utformning av gärningsbeskrivning och domskäl, vilket också blir problematiskt för den som åtalas eller döms för ett brott.

För en språk- och verklighetsanpassad rättsskipning krävs att viljan att beskriva en konkret tilldragelse som något gemensamt inte utesluter att personerna bedöms och rubriceras individuellt. Ett språkligt likhetstecken mellan ett ge- mensamt utförande och gärningsmannaskap är således felaktigt. Den tillämpningen, och den fortsatta tillämpningen av det utvidgade gärningsmannabegreppet, verkar enbart vara en av kriminalpolitiken influerad åtgärd för att möta de hårda vindar som länge blåst. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Svensson Ahlberg, Petronella LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Language, reality & the doctrine of participation –An examination of the meaning of perpetration
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, criminal law
language
Swedish
id
9115991
date added to LUP
2023-06-08 12:09:14
date last changed
2023-06-08 12:09:14
@misc{9115991,
  abstract     = {{When several individuals have been involved in a criminal act, the court allocates roles between perpetrators, instigators, and accomplices. Regarding the first role of responsibility, an individual may himself or jointly with others have carried out the criminal act, alternatively be considered the perpetrator. Thus, Swedish criminal law encompasses a multifaceted concept of a perpetrator. An initial dogmatic consideration is whether the designation only should refer to the person who performed the act in the sense of the penalty provision. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to examine the doctrine of perpetrator, particularly the reasons for and consequences of its interpretation. The study is conducted based on the notion that philosophical science can deepen or at least inspire the discussion of criminal law theory.

Regarding the criminal law's view of individual conduct, it is noted that it does not correspond with the general public’s perception of what it is, nor with academic philosophical theories. Research in general philosophy has investigated what it means to do something on one's own. It is presented therein that an action, which forms the basis of the criminal act, must consist of a bodily movement. Specifically, based on the concept of action, as well as causality, other forms of responsibility, and the classification's relation to the gravity of the offense, the essay clarifies that several forms of perpetrator lack a scientific foundation. This includes indirect, extended, and converted perpetration.

A joint performance is considered something beyond what was achieved individually. In its most extreme form, the dogmatic construction co-perpetration can therefore be applied to a complicity which does not fulfill any of the requirements for the crime in question. That individual is judged as a co- perpetrator based on what he did jointly with others. Philosophers also believe that joint action is a special form of agency. However, there is no consensus on what the action entails. One theory describes the action as something transpersonal and collective.

The essay clarifies, considering the research, that there are no grounds for a description and assessment on the collective level within criminal law. Instead, the co-perpetration appears to be highly problematic. Several criteria which are taken into account are unrealistic and fluid. Moreover, the examination reveals implications in assessing culpability, which undermine individual criminal responsibility, the assessment of the severity of the punishment and the requirement of proportionality. The view of joint action also poses special considerations for practitioners when formulating statement of the criminal act as charged and reasoning, which becomes problematic for individuals accused or convicted of a crime.

For a language- and reality-adapted administration of justice, it is necessary that the intention to describe a specific occurrence as something joint does not preclude individuals from being assessed and categorized individually. Therefore, it is incorrect to equate joint execution with perpetration. Such an application, as well as the general concept of perpetration, solely seem to be measures influenced by criminal politics aligning to the current increasingly harsher political climate.}},
  author       = {{Svensson Ahlberg, Petronella}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Språk, verklighet & medverkansläran – En granskning av gärningsmannaskapets innebörd}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}