Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Att vara skattskyldig i Sverige? - En beskrivning av skattesystemets utveckling med utgångspunkt i fysiska personers beskattning i Sverige

Olsson, Amanda LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Sedan kommunalskattelagen (1928:379), KL, infördes år 1928, har oinskränkt skattskyldighet för fysiska personer förelegat vid bosättning eller vid stadig-varande vistelse i Sverige. Stadigvarande vistelse har inte definierats i lagtext, men den allmänna uppfattningen har sedan 1928 varit en vistelse överstigande sex månader. Inskränkt skattskyldighet har vidare förelegat för fysiska perso-ner endast för vissa angivna inkomster som åtnjutits ifrån Sverige.
Under början av 1990-talet genomgick den svenska skattelagstiftningen sin största reform någonsin. Reformen kom att bli känd som ”Århundradets re-form”. Det svenska skattesystemet bygger mer eller mindre fortfarande på den lagstiftning som då implementerades. Under åren har det dock... (More)
Sedan kommunalskattelagen (1928:379), KL, infördes år 1928, har oinskränkt skattskyldighet för fysiska personer förelegat vid bosättning eller vid stadig-varande vistelse i Sverige. Stadigvarande vistelse har inte definierats i lagtext, men den allmänna uppfattningen har sedan 1928 varit en vistelse överstigande sex månader. Inskränkt skattskyldighet har vidare förelegat för fysiska perso-ner endast för vissa angivna inkomster som åtnjutits ifrån Sverige.
Under början av 1990-talet genomgick den svenska skattelagstiftningen sin största reform någonsin. Reformen kom att bli känd som ”Århundradets re-form”. Det svenska skattesystemet bygger mer eller mindre fortfarande på den lagstiftning som då implementerades. Under åren har det dock tillkommit lag-stiftning och lagstiftning har behövt anpassas till de krav som ställts på den bland annat på grund av Sveriges medlemskap i EU, men också på grund av ökad internationalisering och globalisering.
Vid införandet av inkomstskattelagen (1999:1229), IL, år 2000 skedde inga väsentliga förändringar i lagstiftningen avseende skattskyldighet i Sverige. Obegränsad skattskyldighet i Sverige föreligger för fysiska personer som är bosatta i Sverige, stadigvarande vistas i Sverige eller har väsentlig anknytning till Sverige och har tidigare varit bosatt här. Begränsad skattskyldighet före-ligger följaktligen för personer som inte är obegränsat skattskyldiga i Sverige.
Beskattningen i Sverige varierar beroende på om den fysiska personen är obegränsat eller begränsat skattskyldig här i landet. För den som är obegränsat skattskyldig i Sverige och som erhåller inkomster som är skattepliktiga i in-komstslaget tjänst, har att betala preliminär skatt genom skatteavdrag utifrån tillämplig skattetabell. För den som är begränsat skattskyldig i Sverige och som erhåller inkomster som är skattepliktiga enligt lag (1991:536) om särskild inkomstskatt för utomlands bosatta, har att betala särskild inkomstskatt för utomlands bosatta personer (SINK), vilken är en definitiv skatt om 25 pro-cent. Som en följd av EU-domstolens praxis, har det också införts en möjlig-het för den som är begränsat skattskyldig att begära att bli beskattad enligt IL, och på så sätt undantas från beskattning enligt SINK. Detta för att undvika att svensk skattelagstiftning bryter mot diskrimineringsförbudet i EU-fördraget.
Förfarandet för att bli registrerad för att betala skatt i Sverige varierar också beroende på om en person är obegränsat respektive begränsat skattskyldig i Sverige. För den som avser att bosätta sig i Sverige sker skatteregistrering genom att denne folkbokför sig i Sverige. Med folkbokföring avses att fast-ställa en persons bosättning. Dock ska det folkbokföringsrättsliga begreppet inte misstas för det inkomstskatterättsliga bosättningsbegreppet. Bosättning enligt inkomstskattelagstiftningen har sin utgångspunkt i det folkbokförings-rättsliga begreppet, dock är det de faktiska omständigheterna som är avgö-rande för om en fysisk person ska anses bosatt i Sverige och därmed obe-gränsat skattskyldig.
För den som avser att vistas i Sverige i mer än sex månader och därmed är obegränsat skattskyldig på grund av stadigvarande vistelse i Sverige, ska för att bli registrerad att betala preliminär skatt lämna in ”Anmälan om preliminär A-skatt (SKV 4402)” till Skatteverket. Anmälningsförfarandet innebär i prak-tiken att myndigheten fastställer vilken skattetabell som ska tillämpas. Skatte-verket ska, för den som får en inkomst som skatteavdrag ska göras från, ut-färda beslut om preliminär A-skatt. En fysisk person har således att göra det sannolikt för myndigheten att denne har en inkomst som skatteavdrag ska göras från. Bevismedel för att styrka att en person har en inkomst som skatte-avdrag ska göras från är arbetsgivardeklarationer, anställningsavtal eller andra handlingar som styrker sådan inkomst.
För den som avser att vistas i Sverige i mindre än sex månader och därmed är begränsat skattskyldig i Sverige, ska för att betala särskild inkomstskatt lämna in ”Ansökan om särskild inkomstskatt för utomlands bosatta (SKV 4350) till Skatteverket. En sådan ansökan kan antingen lämnas in av den skattskyldige själv eller av den som betalar ut den skattepliktiga ersättningen. Något krav på att det ska finnas en inkomst som skatteavdrag ska göras från föreligger inte.
Sammanfattningsvis kan det svenska skattesystemet i det stora hela beskrivas som konsekvent. Utvecklingen som präglat skattelagstiftningen de senaste trettio åren har dock gjort skattesystemet någorlunda komplicerat och svårt att förutse. Förutsebarhet är en del av den grundläggande legalitetsprincipen som präglar det svenska skattesystemet och uppsatsen diskuterar om skattelagstift-ningen är så förutsebar som lagstiftaren tänkt sig i första hand.
I takt med att digitaliseringen och internationaliseringen fortsätter att prägla vår omvärld är det ingen tvekan om att det svenska skattesystemet är i behov av en uppdatering till samtiden. Vårt sätt att leva på ser väsentligen annorlunda ut än vad det gjorde för hundra år sedan när lagstiftningen infördes. Enbart detta faktum bör utgöra skäl för lagstiftaren att se över skattelagstiftningen om skattskyldighet i Sverige. (Less)
Abstract
Since the Municipal Tax Act was implemented in 1928, a person has been considered a tax resident in Sweden either by being a resident in Sweden or by permanently staying in Sweden. What constitutes a permanent stay has not been defined in the law. However, the general perception has, since 1928, been that a stay that exceeds six months should constitute a permanent stay.
During the beginning of the 1990’s, the Swedish tax legislation saw its big-gest reform ever. It came to be known as the “Reform of the Century”. The Swedish tax system is more or less still based on the legislation that was im-plemented at the time. However, many changes have had to made to the tax system in order to adapt to the demands placed on it due to Sweden’s... (More)
Since the Municipal Tax Act was implemented in 1928, a person has been considered a tax resident in Sweden either by being a resident in Sweden or by permanently staying in Sweden. What constitutes a permanent stay has not been defined in the law. However, the general perception has, since 1928, been that a stay that exceeds six months should constitute a permanent stay.
During the beginning of the 1990’s, the Swedish tax legislation saw its big-gest reform ever. It came to be known as the “Reform of the Century”. The Swedish tax system is more or less still based on the legislation that was im-plemented at the time. However, many changes have had to made to the tax system in order to adapt to the demands placed on it due to Sweden’s mem-bership in the EU, but also due to increased internationalization and globaliza-tion.
Although, there has not been any significant changes to the legislation regard-ing tax lability in Sweden. A person is still considered being a tax resident in Sweden if he or she is a resident in Sweden, permanently stays in Sweden or have significant connections to Sweden after being a resident here. A person who does not fulfill the criteria for being considered a tax resident, are instead considered being a non-tax resident in Sweden.
Taxation in Sweden varies depending on whether a person is to be considered a tax resident or not in Sweden. A person who is a tax resident in Sweden and receives an income that is taxable according to the Income Tax Act, must pay preliminary taxes based on the applicable tax table. A person who is a non-tax resident in Sweden receives an income that is taxable according to the Special Income Tax Act for Foreign Residents (SINK), must pay a definitive tax of 25 percent. As a result of the EU Court’s practice, Sweden has had to intro-duce the possibility for non-tax residents to request to be taxed according to the Income Tax Act instead. Should this possibility not exist, the Swedish tax legislation could be considered discriminatory and thus contravene the EU-treaties.
The procedure to be registered for tax in Sweden also varies depending on whether a person is to become a resident in Sweden or being a tax resident in Sweden as well as being a non-tax resident in Sweden. If a person is to settle his or her residence in Sweden for more than twelve months, he or she should apply to be registered in the Swedish population register with the Swedish Tax Agency. In order to be registered in the Swedish population register, the Swedish Tax Agency evaluates whether or not you will be residing in Swe-den or not. To be noted is that the concept of residence in regards of being registered in the Swedish population register, is not equivalent to the concept of residence in regards of being a tax resident in Sweden. It is the factual cir-cumstances that are decisive for whether a person should be considered being a tax resident in Sweden or not.
If a person is to live and work in Sweden for more than six months up to twelve months, he or she should apply to pay preliminary taxes (Anmälan om preliminär A-skatt (SKV 4402)) with the Swedish Tax Agency. In practice, the procedure means that the Swedish Tax Agency is to determine which tax table is to be applied for the person in question. The Swedish Tax Agency must, for those who receive an income from which a tax deduction is to be made, issue a decision on preliminary tax. In order for person to receive such decision, he or she must make it probable that he or she receives an income from which tax deductions are to be made. Evidence to prove such income could be PAYE returns submitted by the employer, employment contract or other documentation that prove such income.
Lastly, a person living and working in Sweden for less than six months should apply for special income tax for foreign residents (Ansökan om sär-skild inkomstskatt för utomlands bosatta (SINK)(SKV 4350)) with the Swe-dish Tax Agency. Such application can be submitted either by the person lia-ble to tax in Sweden, or by the employer. There is no requirement that there must be an income from which tax deductions must be made.
The Swedish tax system in terms of taxation of residents, tax-residents or non-tax residents are in many ways consistent. However, the development of the legislation has made the system quite complex and difficult to predict. Pre-dictability is a part of the principle of legality, which characterizes the Swedish tax system. The essay discusses whether or not the tax legislation is as pre-dictable as the legislator intended it to be in the first place.
As the digitalization and internationalization continues to proceed, there is no question that the Swedish tax system must be review and adapted to the world we are living in today. The way we live is a lot different today in comparison to how it was a hundred years ago when the legislation was implemented. This should constitute an incitive for the legislator to review the tax legislation regarding tax liability in Sweden. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Olsson, Amanda LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
How to become liable for tax in Sweden? - A description of the development of the Swedish tax system in regards of personal taxation in Sweden
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, Rättshistoria, Internationell individbeskattning
language
Swedish
id
9116041
date added to LUP
2023-06-19 12:30:16
date last changed
2023-06-19 12:30:16
@misc{9116041,
  abstract     = {{Since the Municipal Tax Act was implemented in 1928, a person has been considered a tax resident in Sweden either by being a resident in Sweden or by permanently staying in Sweden. What constitutes a permanent stay has not been defined in the law. However, the general perception has, since 1928, been that a stay that exceeds six months should constitute a permanent stay.
During the beginning of the 1990’s, the Swedish tax legislation saw its big-gest reform ever. It came to be known as the “Reform of the Century”. The Swedish tax system is more or less still based on the legislation that was im-plemented at the time. However, many changes have had to made to the tax system in order to adapt to the demands placed on it due to Sweden’s mem-bership in the EU, but also due to increased internationalization and globaliza-tion. 
Although, there has not been any significant changes to the legislation regard-ing tax lability in Sweden. A person is still considered being a tax resident in Sweden if he or she is a resident in Sweden, permanently stays in Sweden or have significant connections to Sweden after being a resident here. A person who does not fulfill the criteria for being considered a tax resident, are instead considered being a non-tax resident in Sweden. 
Taxation in Sweden varies depending on whether a person is to be considered a tax resident or not in Sweden. A person who is a tax resident in Sweden and receives an income that is taxable according to the Income Tax Act, must pay preliminary taxes based on the applicable tax table. A person who is a non-tax resident in Sweden receives an income that is taxable according to the Special Income Tax Act for Foreign Residents (SINK), must pay a definitive tax of 25 percent. As a result of the EU Court’s practice, Sweden has had to intro-duce the possibility for non-tax residents to request to be taxed according to the Income Tax Act instead. Should this possibility not exist, the Swedish tax legislation could be considered discriminatory and thus contravene the EU-treaties. 
The procedure to be registered for tax in Sweden also varies depending on whether a person is to become a resident in Sweden or being a tax resident in Sweden as well as being a non-tax resident in Sweden. If a person is to settle his or her residence in Sweden for more than twelve months, he or she should apply to be registered in the Swedish population register with the Swedish Tax Agency. In order to be registered in the Swedish population register, the Swedish Tax Agency evaluates whether or not you will be residing in Swe-den or not. To be noted is that the concept of residence in regards of being registered in the Swedish population register, is not equivalent to the concept of residence in regards of being a tax resident in Sweden. It is the factual cir-cumstances that are decisive for whether a person should be considered being a tax resident in Sweden or not. 
If a person is to live and work in Sweden for more than six months up to twelve months, he or she should apply to pay preliminary taxes (Anmälan om preliminär A-skatt (SKV 4402)) with the Swedish Tax Agency. In practice, the procedure means that the Swedish Tax Agency is to determine which tax table is to be applied for the person in question. The Swedish Tax Agency must, for those who receive an income from which a tax deduction is to be made, issue a decision on preliminary tax. In order for person to receive such decision, he or she must make it probable that he or she receives an income from which tax deductions are to be made. Evidence to prove such income could be PAYE returns submitted by the employer, employment contract or other documentation that prove such income. 
Lastly, a person living and working in Sweden for less than six months should apply for special income tax for foreign residents (Ansökan om sär-skild inkomstskatt för utomlands bosatta (SINK)(SKV 4350)) with the Swe-dish Tax Agency. Such application can be submitted either by the person lia-ble to tax in Sweden, or by the employer. There is no requirement that there must be an income from which tax deductions must be made.
The Swedish tax system in terms of taxation of residents, tax-residents or non-tax residents are in many ways consistent. However, the development of the legislation has made the system quite complex and difficult to predict. Pre-dictability is a part of the principle of legality, which characterizes the Swedish tax system. The essay discusses whether or not the tax legislation is as pre-dictable as the legislator intended it to be in the first place. 
As the digitalization and internationalization continues to proceed, there is no question that the Swedish tax system must be review and adapted to the world we are living in today. The way we live is a lot different today in comparison to how it was a hundred years ago when the legislation was implemented. This should constitute an incitive for the legislator to review the tax legislation regarding tax liability in Sweden.}},
  author       = {{Olsson, Amanda}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Att vara skattskyldig i Sverige? - En beskrivning av skattesystemets utveckling med utgångspunkt i fysiska personers beskattning i Sverige}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}