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Universell jurisdiktion i Sverige - Om regelsystemet som möjliggör och begränsar utövning av universell jurisdiktion i svensk rätt

Nilsson, Andrea LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The principle of universality constitutes a basis for jurisdiction under Swedish law. At the end of 2022, the Supreme Court delivered a precedent- setting decision dealing with how universal jurisdiction should be interpreted according to Swedish law. The Supreme Court determined that for Swedish courts to exercise universal jurisdiction, there has to be a Swedish judicial interest, which is decided based, in this case, on the suspect's connection to Sweden. This differs from how the principle of universality previously has been applied by the courts. The decision has been criticized in doctrine for many reasons, and there seem to be divided opinions about how the principle of universality should be understood according to Swedish law.

... (More)
The principle of universality constitutes a basis for jurisdiction under Swedish law. At the end of 2022, the Supreme Court delivered a precedent- setting decision dealing with how universal jurisdiction should be interpreted according to Swedish law. The Supreme Court determined that for Swedish courts to exercise universal jurisdiction, there has to be a Swedish judicial interest, which is decided based, in this case, on the suspect's connection to Sweden. This differs from how the principle of universality previously has been applied by the courts. The decision has been criticized in doctrine for many reasons, and there seem to be divided opinions about how the principle of universality should be understood according to Swedish law.

In light of this, this thesis aims to describe and problematize the rules that condition the exercise of universal jurisdiction under Swedish law. Various aspects of the scope of the provision and the legislator's intentions are examined with a legal analytical method. The thesis also discusses the assessments of the jurisdictional issue that are made during the criminal process and how acts taken throughout the criminal procedure are related to the jurisdiction of the court. The Supreme Court's decision, NJA 2022 s. 796, is used as part of the analysis to discuss whether the court's interpretation can be considered well founded having regard to the statutory text and the legislator's intentions. In addition, the thesis applies different arguments and views presented in international law doctrine to support the analysis.

The study shows that the jurisdictional rule in Chapter 2 Section 3 p. 6 of the Criminal Code is based on a broad interpretation of the principle of universality, where the main limitation is the requirement of a positive authorization to prosecute. The legislator has chosen to refrain from conditioning the jurisdictional rule since the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction requires a balancing of interests that is both difficult to specify in law and inappropriate for a court to engage in when assessing its competence. The study also shows that the assessment of whether prosecution should be authorized comprises to some extent criteria that favour a Swedish judicial interest for prosecuting international crimes that the principle of universality encompasses.

Furthermore, the issue of jurisdiction must be considered by prosecutors, the Prosecutor-General, and in some cases, the Government even before the court assesses its judicial competence. The jurisdictional issue does not, however, have to be settled for the prosecutor to be able to submit an indictment. In addition, the court is neither bound by the Prosecutor-General's nor the Government's assessment of the jurisdictional issue. The study also pinpoints ambiguities in whether criminal procedural measures that precede the trial – such as the submission of an indictment – are to be understood as an exercise of jurisdiction according to Swedish law.

Finally, NJA 2022 s. 796 is questioned in light of Swedish law and international law arguments. The Supreme Court deviates from the system that prevails under Swedish law, for instance, by conditioning the jurisdictional provision that represents the principle of universality. The courts may, as a consequence, have to balance interests contrary to the legislator's aims. The fact that there always needs to be a Swedish judicial interest when prosecuting international crimes is also questioned. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Universalitetsprincipen utgör en jurisdiktionsgrund enligt svensk rätt. I slutet av år 2022 meddelade Högsta domstolen ett prejudicerande beslut som behandlade hur universell jurisdiktion ska förstås enligt svensk rätt. Högsta domstolen fastslog i detta fall bland annat att den misstänkte måste ha en tillräcklig anknytning till Sverige för att det ska finnas ett svenskt rättskipningsintresse vid utövning av universell jurisdiktion. Att domstolar ska pröva huruvida ett rättskipningsintresse föreligger vid en tillämpning av universalitetsprincipen skiljer sig från hur principen tidigare har tillämpats av svensk domstol. Beslutet har bland annat av den anledningen kritiserats i doktrin och det verkar råda delade meningar kring hur... (More)
Universalitetsprincipen utgör en jurisdiktionsgrund enligt svensk rätt. I slutet av år 2022 meddelade Högsta domstolen ett prejudicerande beslut som behandlade hur universell jurisdiktion ska förstås enligt svensk rätt. Högsta domstolen fastslog i detta fall bland annat att den misstänkte måste ha en tillräcklig anknytning till Sverige för att det ska finnas ett svenskt rättskipningsintresse vid utövning av universell jurisdiktion. Att domstolar ska pröva huruvida ett rättskipningsintresse föreligger vid en tillämpning av universalitetsprincipen skiljer sig från hur principen tidigare har tillämpats av svensk domstol. Beslutet har bland annat av den anledningen kritiserats i doktrin och det verkar råda delade meningar kring hur universalitetsprincipen ska förstås enligt svensk rätt.

Uppsatsen syftar mot bakgrund av detta till att kartlägga och problematisera vilka regler som tillsammans skapar förutsättningar för och begränsar svensk domsrätt baserad på universalitetsprincipen. Med en rättsanalytisk metod undersöks olika aspekter av hur regelsystemet är utformat och vilka intentioner lagstiftaren har haft med utformningen. Bland annat undersöks hur behörighetsregeln är utformad, vilka bedömningar av jurisdiktionsfrågan som görs under straffprocessens gång och hur straffprocessuella åtgärder relaterar till domstolens behörighet. Högsta domstolens beslut, NJA 2022 s. 796, används som en del i analysen för att diskutera huruvida domstolens tolkning kan anses vara väl underbyggd mot bakgrund av systematiken enligt gällande rätt och lagstiftarens intentioner med regleringen. Uppsatsen beaktar även folkrättsliga ståndpunkter och argument till stöd för analysen.

Undersökningen visar att behörighetsregeln i 2 kap. 3 § 6 pt brottsbalken grundar sig på en vidsträckt universalitetsprincip där den mest centrala begränsningen består av kravet på åtalsförordnande. Lagstiftaren har valt att inte precisera behörighetsregeln eftersom det inte har ansetts lämpligt att de intresseavvägningar som behöver göras vid en tillämpning av extraterritoriell jurisdiktion preciseras i lag och därigenom avgörs av domstolarna. Studien visar även att prövningen av huruvida åtalsförordnande ska meddelas till viss del är utformad så att ett rättskipningsintresse föreligger för internationella brott som omfattas av universalitetsprincipen.

Vidare är systemet utformat så att jurisdiktionsfrågan måste beaktas av åklagare, riksåklagaren och i vissa fall regeringen redan innan domstolen prövar sin behörighet. Jurisdiktionsfrågan måste däremot inte vara avgjord för att åklagaren ska kunna väcka åtal och domstolen är inte bunden av riksåklagarens eller regeringens bedömning av jurisdiktionsfrågan. I undersökningen identifieras även oklarheter i huruvida straffprocessuella åtgärder som föregår domstolens prövning – som väckande av åtal – ska förstås som utövning av jurisdiktion enligt svensk rätt.

Slutligen ifrågasätts NJA 2022 s. 796 mot bakgrund av svensk rätt och med folkrättsliga argument. Högsta domstolen frångår den systematik som råder enligt svensk rätt, bland annat genom att villkora behörighetsregeln som bygger på universalitetsprincipen. Av det följer att domstolarna kan behöva göra intresseavvägningar i strid med lagstiftarens syften. Att det alltid behöver finnas ett svensk rättskipningsintresse vid lagföring av internationella brott ifrågasätts även mot bakgrund av det svenska regelsystemet och med hjälp av folkrättsliga argument. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nilsson, Andrea LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Universal jurisdiction in Sweden - A study on the rules that condition the exercise of universal jurisdiction under Swedish law
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, internationell straffrätt, international criminal law, universell jurisdiktion, universal jurisdiction, universalitetsprincipen, the principle of universality, svensk domsrätt, jurisdiktion
language
Swedish
id
9116314
date added to LUP
2023-06-08 14:27:00
date last changed
2023-06-08 14:27:00
@misc{9116314,
  abstract     = {{The principle of universality constitutes a basis for jurisdiction under Swedish law. At the end of 2022, the Supreme Court delivered a precedent- setting decision dealing with how universal jurisdiction should be interpreted according to Swedish law. The Supreme Court determined that for Swedish courts to exercise universal jurisdiction, there has to be a Swedish judicial interest, which is decided based, in this case, on the suspect's connection to Sweden. This differs from how the principle of universality previously has been applied by the courts. The decision has been criticized in doctrine for many reasons, and there seem to be divided opinions about how the principle of universality should be understood according to Swedish law.

In light of this, this thesis aims to describe and problematize the rules that condition the exercise of universal jurisdiction under Swedish law. Various aspects of the scope of the provision and the legislator's intentions are examined with a legal analytical method. The thesis also discusses the assessments of the jurisdictional issue that are made during the criminal process and how acts taken throughout the criminal procedure are related to the jurisdiction of the court. The Supreme Court's decision, NJA 2022 s. 796, is used as part of the analysis to discuss whether the court's interpretation can be considered well founded having regard to the statutory text and the legislator's intentions. In addition, the thesis applies different arguments and views presented in international law doctrine to support the analysis.

The study shows that the jurisdictional rule in Chapter 2 Section 3 p. 6 of the Criminal Code is based on a broad interpretation of the principle of universality, where the main limitation is the requirement of a positive authorization to prosecute. The legislator has chosen to refrain from conditioning the jurisdictional rule since the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction requires a balancing of interests that is both difficult to specify in law and inappropriate for a court to engage in when assessing its competence. The study also shows that the assessment of whether prosecution should be authorized comprises to some extent criteria that favour a Swedish judicial interest for prosecuting international crimes that the principle of universality encompasses.

Furthermore, the issue of jurisdiction must be considered by prosecutors, the Prosecutor-General, and in some cases, the Government even before the court assesses its judicial competence. The jurisdictional issue does not, however, have to be settled for the prosecutor to be able to submit an indictment. In addition, the court is neither bound by the Prosecutor-General's nor the Government's assessment of the jurisdictional issue. The study also pinpoints ambiguities in whether criminal procedural measures that precede the trial – such as the submission of an indictment – are to be understood as an exercise of jurisdiction according to Swedish law.

Finally, NJA 2022 s. 796 is questioned in light of Swedish law and international law arguments. The Supreme Court deviates from the system that prevails under Swedish law, for instance, by conditioning the jurisdictional provision that represents the principle of universality. The courts may, as a consequence, have to balance interests contrary to the legislator's aims. The fact that there always needs to be a Swedish judicial interest when prosecuting international crimes is also questioned.}},
  author       = {{Nilsson, Andrea}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Universell jurisdiktion i Sverige - Om regelsystemet som möjliggör och begränsar utövning av universell jurisdiktion i svensk rätt}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}