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Extraterritoriella editionsförelägganden – En undersökning om bevisupptagning av handlingar i utlandet i dispositiva tvistemål

Flemming, Victor LU (2024) JURM02 20241
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Det är inte ovanligt att parterna i en nationell tvist kommer från olika länder. När en tvist mellan parter med olika internationell anknytning initieras uppkommer ibland frågor om vilket lands domstol som är behörig att pröva tvisten och vilket lands lag som ska gälla för tvisten. En något mer undanskymd fråga inom det internationella rättssamfundet, men som likväl kan ge upphov till jurisdiktionskonflikter mellan stater, är frågan om hur bevisupptagning utanför de nationella gränserna ska bedrivas.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda och kritiskt granska förutsättningarna för internationell bevisanskaffning i svenska dispositiva tvistemål med fokus på de extraterritoriella editionsförelägganden som aktualiseras i NJA 2022 s. 249.... (More)
Det är inte ovanligt att parterna i en nationell tvist kommer från olika länder. När en tvist mellan parter med olika internationell anknytning initieras uppkommer ibland frågor om vilket lands domstol som är behörig att pröva tvisten och vilket lands lag som ska gälla för tvisten. En något mer undanskymd fråga inom det internationella rättssamfundet, men som likväl kan ge upphov till jurisdiktionskonflikter mellan stater, är frågan om hur bevisupptagning utanför de nationella gränserna ska bedrivas.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda och kritiskt granska förutsättningarna för internationell bevisanskaffning i svenska dispositiva tvistemål med fokus på de extraterritoriella editionsförelägganden som aktualiseras i NJA 2022 s. 249. Syftet utreds genom att närmare granska hur svenska civilprocessuella regler om bevisanskaffning förhåller sig till internationell- och unionsrätt, vilka nationella förutsättningar som finns för att ett processuellt editionsföreläggande ska få extraterritoriell effekt och utfallet av Högsta domstolens beslut i NJA 2022 s. 249. I uppsatsen har i huvudsak svensk lagstiftning använts och redogjorts för, men även EU-rättslig- och internationell lagstiftning har använts för att beskriva de internationella instrument som binder Sverige i bevisupptagningsfrågor. Även rättspraxis, doktrin och förarbeten har använts för att beskriva gällande rätt och besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar. Metoden för detta kan beskrivas som rättsdogmatisk.

Möjligheten till att bedriva bevisupptagning i utlandet är kopplat till territorialitetsprincipen. Olika tolkningar av territorialitetsprincipen med utgångspunkt i den internationella sedvanerätten har medfört att olika stater anser sig ha olika omfattande jurisdiktion avseende att bedriva bevisupptagning utanför nationsgränserna. Vissa staters domstolar anser sig kunna inhämta bevisning utomlands baserat på jurisdiktionen de utövar över parterna i den nationella tvisten. Andra staters domstolar anser att ett sådant förfarande riskerar att kränka den stats suveränitet där bevisningen finns, varför dessa stater använder en konventionsbaserad metod där den anmodade statens samtycke först inhämtas genom ett förutbestämt förfarande innan bevisupptagning sker.

Sverige är part till tre internationella instrument för bevisupptagning, 1970 års Haagkonvention, EU:s bevisupptagningsförordning och den nordiska bevisupptagningsöverenskommelsen. Dessa konventioner tillsammans med vissa kompletterande nationella lagar reglerar förfarandesättet för bevisupptagning i utlandet. I NJA 2022 s. 249 ifrågasatte Högsta domstolen behovet av använda sig av något av de internationella instrumenten vid bevisupptagning av handlingar utomlands. Särskilt i situationer när domstolen istället kan förelägga editionssvaranden att förete bevisningen baserat på rättegångsbalkens regler om edition. Högsta domstolen ansåg att om editionssvaranden har en ovillkorlig rätt till och således tillgång till handlingen trots att den finns utomlands kan denne förete handlingen utan att kränka att den andra statens suveränitet. Högsta domstolens resonemang baserades på en vid tillämpning av innehavskravet i 38 kap. 2 § RB samt idén om en nationell distansstyrd informationsanskaffning.

I uppsatsens avslutande del konstateras att det utifrån svensk processrätt och de internationella instrument om bevisupptagning som Sverige är part till, finns förutsättningar att implementera idén om en nationell distansstyrd informationsanskaffning och således möjliggöra ensidiga extraterritoriella editionsförelägganden. Detta under förutsättningarna att editionsföreläggandet riktas mot en part vid den nationella rättegången och att editionsföreläggandet endast får en faktisk och inte en rättslig effekt i staten där bevisupptagningen sker. Samtidigt ger inte NJA 2022 s. 249 några svar på när ensidiga extraterritoriella editionsförelägganden ska tillämpas i förhållande till de internationella instrumenten för bevisupptagning för att balansera en effektiv rättegång mot skyddet för andra staters suveränitet. (Less)
Abstract
It is not uncommon for parties to a domestic dispute to come from different countries. When a dispute between parties with different international connections is initiated, questions sometimes arise as to which country’s court has jurisdiction to hear the dispute and which country’s law should apply to the dispute. A somewhat more obscure issue within the international legal community, but which can nevertheless give rise to conflicts of jurisdiction between states, is the question of how the taking of evidence outside national borders should be conducted.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate and critically examine the conditions for approval for international evidence gathering in Swedish dispositive civil cases, with a focus on... (More)
It is not uncommon for parties to a domestic dispute to come from different countries. When a dispute between parties with different international connections is initiated, questions sometimes arise as to which country’s court has jurisdiction to hear the dispute and which country’s law should apply to the dispute. A somewhat more obscure issue within the international legal community, but which can nevertheless give rise to conflicts of jurisdiction between states, is the question of how the taking of evidence outside national borders should be conducted.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate and critically examine the conditions for approval for international evidence gathering in Swedish dispositive civil cases, with a focus on the extraterritorial production orders that are raised in NJA 2022 s. 249. The purpose is investigated by examining in more detail how Swedish civil procedural rules on the taking of evidence relate to international- and EU-law, what national conditions exist for an order for production of documents to have extraterritorial effect, and the outcome of the Swedish Supreme Court’s decision in NJA 2022 s. 249. In the essay, mainly Swedish law has been used and described, but also EU-law and international law have been used to describe the international instruments that bind Sweden in matters of taking of evidence. Case law, doctrine and preparatory works have also been used to describe current law and answer the questions posed in the essay. The method for this can be described as legal dogmatic.

The possibility of taking evidence abroad is linked to the principle of territoriality. Different interpretations of the principle of territoriality, based on customary international law, have resulted in states considering that they have different degrees of jurisdiction to take evidence outside their national borders. Some states’ courts consider that they can take evidence abroad based on the jurisdiction they exercise over the parties to the domestic dispute. Other states’ courts consider that such a procedure risks violating the sovereignty of the state where the evidence is located, which is why these states use a convention-based approach whereby the consent of the requested state is first obtained through a pre-agreed procedure before taking evidence.

Sweden is a party to three international instruments regulating the taking of evidence, the 1970 Hague Convention, the EU Evidence Regulation and the Nordic Evidence Agreement. These conventions, together with certain supplementary national laws, regulate the procedure for taking evidence abroad. In NJA 2022 s. 249, the Swedish Supreme Court questioned the need to use any of the international instruments when taking evidence abroad. Especially in situations where the court can instead order the respondent to produce the evidence based on the rules on discovery in the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure. The Swedish Supreme Court held that if the respondent has an unconditional right to, and thus access to, the document even though it is located abroad, the respondent may produce the document without violating the sovereignty of the other state. The Swedish Supreme Court’s reasoning was based on a broad application of the possession requirement in Chapter 38, Section 2 of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure and the idea of a national distance-controlled acquisition of information.

In the concluding part of the essay, it is established that, based on Swedish procedural law and the international instruments on the taking of evidence to which Sweden is a party, there are grounds for implementing the idea of a national distance-controlled acquisition of information and thus enabling extraterritorial orders for production of documents. This is on the condition that the order for production of documents is directed at a party to the national proceedings and the order only has an actual and not a legal effect in the state where the evidence is taken. At the same time, NJA 2022 s. 249 does not provide any answers as to when unilateral extraterritorial orders for production of documents should be applied in relation to the international instruments on the taking of evidence in order to balance an effective trial against the protection of the sovereignty of other states. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Flemming, Victor LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Extraterritorial orders for production of documents – An examination of the taking of evidence abroad in civil disputes
course
JURM02 20241
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
civilrätt, processrätt, internationell privaträtt, edition, editionsföreläggande, bevisupptagning, bevisupptagning i utlandet
language
Swedish
id
9152593
date added to LUP
2024-06-10 16:36:26
date last changed
2024-06-10 16:36:26
@misc{9152593,
  abstract     = {{It is not uncommon for parties to a domestic dispute to come from different countries. When a dispute between parties with different international connections is initiated, questions sometimes arise as to which country’s court has jurisdiction to hear the dispute and which country’s law should apply to the dispute. A somewhat more obscure issue within the international legal community, but which can nevertheless give rise to conflicts of jurisdiction between states, is the question of how the taking of evidence outside national borders should be conducted.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate and critically examine the conditions for approval for international evidence gathering in Swedish dispositive civil cases, with a focus on the extraterritorial production orders that are raised in NJA 2022 s. 249. The purpose is investigated by examining in more detail how Swedish civil procedural rules on the taking of evidence relate to international- and EU-law, what national conditions exist for an order for production of documents to have extraterritorial effect, and the outcome of the Swedish Supreme Court’s decision in NJA 2022 s. 249. In the essay, mainly Swedish law has been used and described, but also EU-law and international law have been used to describe the international instruments that bind Sweden in matters of taking of evidence. Case law, doctrine and preparatory works have also been used to describe current law and answer the questions posed in the essay. The method for this can be described as legal dogmatic.

The possibility of taking evidence abroad is linked to the principle of territoriality. Different interpretations of the principle of territoriality, based on customary international law, have resulted in states considering that they have different degrees of jurisdiction to take evidence outside their national borders. Some states’ courts consider that they can take evidence abroad based on the jurisdiction they exercise over the parties to the domestic dispute. Other states’ courts consider that such a procedure risks violating the sovereignty of the state where the evidence is located, which is why these states use a convention-based approach whereby the consent of the requested state is first obtained through a pre-agreed procedure before taking evidence.

Sweden is a party to three international instruments regulating the taking of evidence, the 1970 Hague Convention, the EU Evidence Regulation and the Nordic Evidence Agreement. These conventions, together with certain supplementary national laws, regulate the procedure for taking evidence abroad. In NJA 2022 s. 249, the Swedish Supreme Court questioned the need to use any of the international instruments when taking evidence abroad. Especially in situations where the court can instead order the respondent to produce the evidence based on the rules on discovery in the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure. The Swedish Supreme Court held that if the respondent has an unconditional right to, and thus access to, the document even though it is located abroad, the respondent may produce the document without violating the sovereignty of the other state. The Swedish Supreme Court’s reasoning was based on a broad application of the possession requirement in Chapter 38, Section 2 of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure and the idea of a national distance-controlled acquisition of information.

In the concluding part of the essay, it is established that, based on Swedish procedural law and the international instruments on the taking of evidence to which Sweden is a party, there are grounds for implementing the idea of a national distance-controlled acquisition of information and thus enabling extraterritorial orders for production of documents. This is on the condition that the order for production of documents is directed at a party to the national proceedings and the order only has an actual and not a legal effect in the state where the evidence is taken. At the same time, NJA 2022 s. 249 does not provide any answers as to when unilateral extraterritorial orders for production of documents should be applied in relation to the international instruments on the taking of evidence in order to balance an effective trial against the protection of the sovereignty of other states.}},
  author       = {{Flemming, Victor}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Extraterritoriella editionsförelägganden – En undersökning om bevisupptagning av handlingar i utlandet i dispositiva tvistemål}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}