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Risker med DNA-bevisning - En kvalitativ undersökning av svenska domstolars hantering av berörings-DNA och riskerna med sekundäröverföring

Nilsson, Jacob LU (2024) JURM02 20241
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This thesis examines evidentiary and procedural risks associated with evi-dence consisting of touch DNA and objections from the defendant that the DNA trace was transmitted through secondary touch-transfer. The risks identi-fied are that touch DNA is subject to certain ambiguities. Research has shown that such traces can be transmitted through one or more intermediate links. Concurrently, the Swedish Supreme Court (HD) has stated in its precedents that no particularly strong evidence beyond a DNA trace is required for the burden of proof to be considered fulfilled. In doctrine, it is stated that the three-step model for evidence evaluation that HD advocates risks leading to neglect of these weaknesses.
There is a risk that the defendant... (More)
This thesis examines evidentiary and procedural risks associated with evi-dence consisting of touch DNA and objections from the defendant that the DNA trace was transmitted through secondary touch-transfer. The risks identi-fied are that touch DNA is subject to certain ambiguities. Research has shown that such traces can be transmitted through one or more intermediate links. Concurrently, the Swedish Supreme Court (HD) has stated in its precedents that no particularly strong evidence beyond a DNA trace is required for the burden of proof to be considered fulfilled. In doctrine, it is stated that the three-step model for evidence evaluation that HD advocates risks leading to neglect of these weaknesses.
There is a risk that the defendant is imposed a burden of explanation, even though the state of evidence is not so strong that it is called for. The defendant can hardly explain such a trace, since it is transmitted through microscopic processes. To determine whether a trace may have been transmitted through touch transfer, a court should seek the help of an expert. When it comes to answering how a DNA trace has ended up on an object, there is currently no established method available. Here, a further problem arises, namely that the expert does not like to elaborate outside of his established methodological framework. This phenomenon is described in doctrine as "uncertainty reti-cence".
The thesis is based on an empirical study of 25 court cases regarding weapon offences, where the defendant objected that DNA traces were transmitted through secondary touch transfer. The study shows that in 16% of the cases, the defendant was convicted even though the court considered that secondary transfer could not be ruled out. The study also shows that in 32% of the cases, the court followed the assessment chronology proposed by HD according to the three-step model. In 8% of the cases, the defendant was given a burden of explanation, even though the evidence was not adequate. The investigation also shows that, in addition to touch DNA, medium-strong evidence is sufficient for the burden of proof to be considered fulfilled. In 36% of the cases, the defendant relied on expert evidence and, in all these cases the expert stated that the explanation of secondary transfer could not be ruled out. A clear statement about which explanation was more or less likely was not given in any case, which is a sign of uncertainty reticence.
The thesis concludes that the courts find it difficult to consider the weaknesses associated with complex evidence, such as whether DNA has been secondarily transferred. This leads to errors of thinking and misevaluation of evidence. Courts generally place a high value on DNA evidence, even if it consists of touch DNA. In the thesis, it is proposed that the expert's role be made clear to remedy the uncertainty reticence, which was demonstrated through the investi-gation. Here, a proposal from doctrine is highlighted, namely, to combine the expert's statements with a statement of robustness. Furthermore, it is suggested that the courts do not use the three-stage model advocated by HD, as it risks leading to an oversight of alternative hypotheses. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen undersöker bevisrättsliga och processuella risker förenat med be-visning som består av berörings-DNA och invändningar från den tilltalade att DNA-spåret tillkommit genom sekundäröverföring. De risker som identifierats är att berörings-DNA är behäftat med vissa osäkerheter. Forskning har visat att sådana spår i vissa fall kan överföras genom ett eller flera mellanled. Samtidigt har HD i sin praxis uttalat att det inte krävs särskilt stark övrig bevisning utö-ver ett sådant spår för att beviskravet ska anses uppfyllt. I doktrin framförs att den trestegsmodell för bevisvärdering som HD förordar, riskerar att leda till ett försummande av dessa svagheter.
Härvid riskeras att den tilltalade åläggs en förklaringsbörda, trots att... (More)
Uppsatsen undersöker bevisrättsliga och processuella risker förenat med be-visning som består av berörings-DNA och invändningar från den tilltalade att DNA-spåret tillkommit genom sekundäröverföring. De risker som identifierats är att berörings-DNA är behäftat med vissa osäkerheter. Forskning har visat att sådana spår i vissa fall kan överföras genom ett eller flera mellanled. Samtidigt har HD i sin praxis uttalat att det inte krävs särskilt stark övrig bevisning utö-ver ett sådant spår för att beviskravet ska anses uppfyllt. I doktrin framförs att den trestegsmodell för bevisvärdering som HD förordar, riskerar att leda till ett försummande av dessa svagheter.
Härvid riskeras att den tilltalade åläggs en förklaringsbörda, trots att bevisläget inte är så graverande att det är påkallat. Den tilltalade kan svårligen förklara ett sådant spår, eftersom det överförs genom mikroskopiska processer. För att avgöra om ett spår kan ha tillkommit genom sekundäröverföring bör en dom-stol ta hjälp av en sakkunnig. När det handlar om att besvara hur ett DNA-spår har hamnat på ett objekt finns i dagsläget ingen etablerad metod för att tillgå. Härvid uppstår ett ytterligare problem, nämligen att den sakkunnige inte gärna uttalar sig utanför sina etablerade metodramar. Detta fenomen beskrivs i dokt-rin som ”uncertainty reticence”.
Undersökningen bygger på en empirisk studie av 25 avgöranden avseende vapenbrott, där den tilltalade invände att DNA-spår tillkommit genom sekun-däröverföring. Undersökningen visar att underrätterna i 16% av avgörandena dömde den tilltalade, trots att de ansåg att sekundäröverföring inte kunde ute-slutas. Undersökningen visar även att i 32% av avgörandena följde domstolen bedömningskronologin som förordats av HD enligt trestegsmodellen. I 8% av avgörandena ålades den tilltalade en förklaringsbörda, trots att bevisningen inte var tillräckligt stark. Undersökningen visar även att det utöver berörings-DNA räcker med en medelstark övrig bevisning för att beviskravet ska anses upp-fyllt. I 36% av avgörandena åberopade den tilltalade sakkunnigbevisning och i samtliga av dessa fall menade den sakkunnige att förklaringen om sekundärö-verföring inte kunde uteslutas. Något tydligt uttalade kring vilken förklaring som var mer eller mindre sannolik gavs inte i något fall, vilket är ett tecken på uncertainty reticence.
I uppsatsen konstateras att domstolarna har svårt att beakta de svagheter som är förenade med komplext processmaterial, så som huruvida DNA-spår över-förts sekundärt eller ej. Detta leder till tankefel och felvärdering av bevisning. Domstolarna tillmäter generellt ett högt värde till DNA-bevisningen, även om den består av berörings-DNA. I uppsatsen föreslås att den sakkunniges roll som expert tydliggörs för att råda bot på den uncertainty reticence, som påvi-sats genom undersökningen. Härvid framhävs ett förslag från doktrin, nämli-gen att förena den sakkunniges utlåtanden med en robusthetsangivelse. Vidare föreslås att domstolarna inte använder sig av den trestegsmodell som förordats av HD, eftersom den riskerar att leda till ett förbiseende av alternativhypoteser. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nilsson, Jacob LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
DNA-evidence and it's risks - A qualitative study of Swedish courts' evaluation of touch DNA and the risk of secondary touch transfer
course
JURM02 20241
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
allmän rättslära, straffrätt, bevisvärdering, DNA-bevisning
language
Swedish
id
9153028
date added to LUP
2024-06-10 16:33:38
date last changed
2024-06-10 16:33:38
@misc{9153028,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines evidentiary and procedural risks associated with evi-dence consisting of touch DNA and objections from the defendant that the DNA trace was transmitted through secondary touch-transfer. The risks identi-fied are that touch DNA is subject to certain ambiguities. Research has shown that such traces can be transmitted through one or more intermediate links. Concurrently, the Swedish Supreme Court (HD) has stated in its precedents that no particularly strong evidence beyond a DNA trace is required for the burden of proof to be considered fulfilled. In doctrine, it is stated that the three-step model for evidence evaluation that HD advocates risks leading to neglect of these weaknesses.
There is a risk that the defendant is imposed a burden of explanation, even though the state of evidence is not so strong that it is called for. The defendant can hardly explain such a trace, since it is transmitted through microscopic processes. To determine whether a trace may have been transmitted through touch transfer, a court should seek the help of an expert. When it comes to answering how a DNA trace has ended up on an object, there is currently no established method available. Here, a further problem arises, namely that the expert does not like to elaborate outside of his established methodological framework. This phenomenon is described in doctrine as "uncertainty reti-cence".
The thesis is based on an empirical study of 25 court cases regarding weapon offences, where the defendant objected that DNA traces were transmitted through secondary touch transfer. The study shows that in 16% of the cases, the defendant was convicted even though the court considered that secondary transfer could not be ruled out. The study also shows that in 32% of the cases, the court followed the assessment chronology proposed by HD according to the three-step model. In 8% of the cases, the defendant was given a burden of explanation, even though the evidence was not adequate. The investigation also shows that, in addition to touch DNA, medium-strong evidence is sufficient for the burden of proof to be considered fulfilled. In 36% of the cases, the defendant relied on expert evidence and, in all these cases the expert stated that the explanation of secondary transfer could not be ruled out. A clear statement about which explanation was more or less likely was not given in any case, which is a sign of uncertainty reticence.
The thesis concludes that the courts find it difficult to consider the weaknesses associated with complex evidence, such as whether DNA has been secondarily transferred. This leads to errors of thinking and misevaluation of evidence. Courts generally place a high value on DNA evidence, even if it consists of touch DNA. In the thesis, it is proposed that the expert's role be made clear to remedy the uncertainty reticence, which was demonstrated through the investi-gation. Here, a proposal from doctrine is highlighted, namely, to combine the expert's statements with a statement of robustness. Furthermore, it is suggested that the courts do not use the three-stage model advocated by HD, as it risks leading to an oversight of alternative hypotheses.}},
  author       = {{Nilsson, Jacob}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Risker med DNA-bevisning - En kvalitativ undersökning av svenska domstolars hantering av berörings-DNA och riskerna med sekundäröverföring}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}