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Anstiftan till mord - En uppsats om anstiftarens ansvar vid beställningsmord inom den kriminella miljön, med särskilt fokus på error in persona

Pelkonen, Henova LU (2024) JURM02 20241
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Den organiserade brottsligheten står för en betydande andel av beställnings-morden som utförs i samhället. Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda hur den krimi-nella miljöns struktur och hierarki påverkar möjligheten att identifiera och åtala personer för anstiftan till mord.

Det finns ingen legaldefinition av begreppet organiserad brottslighet men Brå har tagit fram kännetecken. Organiserad brottslighet rör vinstdrivande brotts-lig verksamhet i projektform där gärningspersonerna har vilja och förmåga att skydda och underlätta den brottsliga verksamheten genom otillåten påverkan. De kriminella nätverken har en tydlig organisation och hierarki där äldre per-soner ofta styr över de yngre.

De straffrättsliga verktygen som aktualiseras... (More)
Den organiserade brottsligheten står för en betydande andel av beställnings-morden som utförs i samhället. Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda hur den krimi-nella miljöns struktur och hierarki påverkar möjligheten att identifiera och åtala personer för anstiftan till mord.

Det finns ingen legaldefinition av begreppet organiserad brottslighet men Brå har tagit fram kännetecken. Organiserad brottslighet rör vinstdrivande brotts-lig verksamhet i projektform där gärningspersonerna har vilja och förmåga att skydda och underlätta den brottsliga verksamheten genom otillåten påverkan. De kriminella nätverken har en tydlig organisation och hierarki där äldre per-soner ofta styr över de yngre.

De straffrättsliga verktygen som aktualiseras avseende beställarens ansvar är framförallt stämpling till mord och anstiftan till mord. Beställningsmorden anstiftas ofta av en person som befinner sig högt upp i hierarkin, medan utfö-randet vanligen överlåts till personer som står lågt i hierarkin och som inte har nära kontakt med beställaren. Många av de riskfyllda uppdragen fördelas på de yngsta. Det råder även en tystnadskultur inom den kriminella miljön som försvårar lagföringen av de inblandade. Den tydliga hierarkin inom de krimi-nella nätverken innebär att de underordnade lyder ledarna utan att ifrågasätta.

För straffbar anstiftan ska beställaren ha förmått utföraren att begå mordet. Beställarens auktoritära position innebär vanligen ett stort inflytande och en tydlig påverkan på personer som står lägre i hierarkin. Däremot kan utföraren ha ytterligare incitament till att utföra gärningen, vilket komplicerar bedöm-ningen. Relationen mellan beställaren och utföraren är av stor betydelse för bedömningen av påverkan. På grund av hierarkin och tystnadskulturen kan det däremot vara svårt att lokalisera beställaren och finna bevisning. I många fall känner utföraren inte heller till vem beställaren är. I samtliga fall som be-handlats i utredningen har bevisning från krypterade kommunikationstjänster varit avgörande för att finna och samla bevis mot anstiftaren.

Uppsatsen undersöker även anstiftarens ansvar vid error in persona. Situat-ionen har enbart bedömts en gång i svensk rättspraxis, mordet i bostadsområ-det. Om gärningen som anstiftan avser är straffrättsligt likvärdig med den fak-tiska gärningen som begås och om utfallet är en möjlig följd av händelseför-loppet som anstiftaren satt igång kan anstiftaren anses ha uppsåt. Vid error in persona aktualiseras även frågan om anstiftaren kan dömas för anstiftan av försök till mord av det tilltänkta offret. Högsta domstolen anför att det i så fall krävs att anstiftaren haft uppsåt till att fler än en person skulle dö samt att för-sökspunkten passerats avseende det tilltänkta offret.

Sammanfattningsvis framstår regelverket i svensk rätt som fungerande avse-ende anstiftan till mord. Den kriminella miljöns struktur och hierarki försvårar dock bedömningen av att lokalisera och finna bevisning mot anstiftaren. Det råder en tystnadskultur och utföraren har ofta inte kännedom om vem som anstiftat mordet. Även om det kan vara svårt att finna bevisning avseende mord inom den kriminella miljön är det av yttersta vikt att beviskravet och rättssäkerheten upprätthålls. (Less)
Abstract
Organized crime accounts for a large share of the contract killings committed in the society. The essay aims to investigate how the structure and hierarchy of the criminal environments affects the possibility to identify and prosecute individuals for incitement of murder.

There is no legal definition of the concept organized crime, but Brå has devel-oped characteristics. Organized crime concerns profit making criminal opera-tions in forms of projects where the perpetrations have the will and ability to protect and simplify the criminal activity through unauthorized influence. The criminal networks have a clear organization and hierarchy where older indi-viduals often rule over the younger ones.

The criminal justice tools being... (More)
Organized crime accounts for a large share of the contract killings committed in the society. The essay aims to investigate how the structure and hierarchy of the criminal environments affects the possibility to identify and prosecute individuals for incitement of murder.

There is no legal definition of the concept organized crime, but Brå has devel-oped characteristics. Organized crime concerns profit making criminal opera-tions in forms of projects where the perpetrations have the will and ability to protect and simplify the criminal activity through unauthorized influence. The criminal networks have a clear organization and hierarchy where older indi-viduals often rule over the younger ones.

The criminal justice tools being actualized regarding the responsibility of the instigator, are above all incitement for murder and instigation for murder. The contract killings are often instigated by a person high up in the hierarchy whilst the performance normally is handed over to individuals that are posi-tioned lower in the hierarchy and who have no close contact with the instiga-tor.

Many of the risky missions are spread out on the youngest ones. There is also a culture of silence in the criminal environment that complicates prosecution of those involved. The clear hierarchy in the criminal network implies that the subordinates obey the leaders without questioning.

For punishable incitement to be the case, the client should have included the executer to commit the murder. The client´s authoritarian position usually im-plies a great influence and a clear impact on persons lower in the hierarchy. On the other hand, the executor might have additional incentives to execute the act, which complicates the assessment. The relationship between the client and the executor is of great importance for the assessment of the impact. Due to the hierarchy and the culture of silence, it could, on the other hand, be difficult to locate the client and find evidence. In many cases the executor does not know who the instigator is. In all cases treated in the investigation, evidence from encrypted communication services has been crucial to fins and gather evidence against the instigator.

The essay also examines the instigator´s responsibility in cases of error in persona. This has been assessed only once in Swedish case law, the murder in the residential area. If the act that the instigation refers to, is according to criminal law, equivalent to the actual act that is executed, and if the outcome is a possible consequence of the sequence of events that the instigator has start-ed, the instigator can be considered to have had intent. In case of error in per-sona, the issue whether the instigator can be sentenced for instigating an at-tempt to murder of the intended victim, is brought up to date. The supreme court in Sweden claims that, in those cases, it is necessary that the instigator has intended more than one person to die and that the trial point has been passed regarding the intended victim.

In conclusion, the regulations in Swedish law appear to be well functioning regarding incitement to murder. The structure and hierarchy of the criminal environment, however, makes the assessment of locating and finding evidence against the instigator very difficult. There is a culture of silence, and the ex-ecutor is often not aware of who has instigated the murder. Even if it can be difficult to find evidence regarding murder within the criminal environment, it is of the utmost importance that the proof requirement and the legal certainty are maintained. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Pelkonen, Henova LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Instigation of murder
course
JURM02 20241
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
anstiftan, anstiftan till mord, beställningsmord, error in persona
language
Swedish
id
9153318
date added to LUP
2024-06-05 10:07:27
date last changed
2024-06-05 10:07:27
@misc{9153318,
  abstract     = {{Organized crime accounts for a large share of the contract killings committed in the society. The essay aims to investigate how the structure and hierarchy of the criminal environments affects the possibility to identify and prosecute individuals for incitement of murder. 

There is no legal definition of the concept organized crime, but Brå has devel-oped characteristics. Organized crime concerns profit making criminal opera-tions in forms of projects where the perpetrations have the will and ability to protect and simplify the criminal activity through unauthorized influence. The criminal networks have a clear organization and hierarchy where older indi-viduals often rule over the younger ones. 

The criminal justice tools being actualized regarding the responsibility of the instigator, are above all incitement for murder and instigation for murder. The contract killings are often instigated by a person high up in the hierarchy whilst the performance normally is handed over to individuals that are posi-tioned lower in the hierarchy and who have no close contact with the instiga-tor. 

Many of the risky missions are spread out on the youngest ones. There is also a culture of silence in the criminal environment that complicates prosecution of those involved. The clear hierarchy in the criminal network implies that the subordinates obey the leaders without questioning. 

For punishable incitement to be the case, the client should have included the executer to commit the murder. The client´s authoritarian position usually im-plies a great influence and a clear impact on persons lower in the hierarchy. On the other hand, the executor might have additional incentives to execute the act, which complicates the assessment. The relationship between the client and the executor is of great importance for the assessment of the impact. Due to the hierarchy and the culture of silence, it could, on the other hand, be difficult to locate the client and find evidence. In many cases the executor does not know who the instigator is. In all cases treated in the investigation, evidence from encrypted communication services has been crucial to fins and gather evidence against the instigator. 

The essay also examines the instigator´s responsibility in cases of error in persona. This has been assessed only once in Swedish case law, the murder in the residential area. If the act that the instigation refers to, is according to criminal law, equivalent to the actual act that is executed, and if the outcome is a possible consequence of the sequence of events that the instigator has start-ed, the instigator can be considered to have had intent. In case of error in per-sona, the issue whether the instigator can be sentenced for instigating an at-tempt to murder of the intended victim, is brought up to date. The supreme court in Sweden claims that, in those cases, it is necessary that the instigator has intended more than one person to die and that the trial point has been passed regarding the intended victim. 

In conclusion, the regulations in Swedish law appear to be well functioning regarding incitement to murder. The structure and hierarchy of the criminal environment, however, makes the assessment of locating and finding evidence against the instigator very difficult. There is a culture of silence, and the ex-ecutor is often not aware of who has instigated the murder. Even if it can be difficult to find evidence regarding murder within the criminal environment, it is of the utmost importance that the proof requirement and the legal certainty are maintained.}},
  author       = {{Pelkonen, Henova}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Anstiftan till mord - En uppsats om anstiftarens ansvar vid beställningsmord inom den kriminella miljön, med särskilt fokus på error in persona}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}