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Estimation of Uncertainties in Radioiodine Uptake Measurement and Thyroid Volume Scintigraphy Before Subsequent Radioiodine Therapy

Alminde, Louise (2024) MSFT02 20241
Medical Physics Programme
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to estimate the uncertainty of various factors, influencing the radioiodine uptake (RAIU) at clinical measurements of hyperthyroid patients. Furthermore, to evaluate the estimation of thyroid volume from nuclear medicine scintigraphic images. Another aim was to investigate in what extent these uncertainties may influence the eventual therapeutic radioiodine activity, and thereby the absorbed target dose to the thyroid gland.

Background: Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces excess amounts of thyroid hormones and the affected patient may experience substantial symptoms. Clinically, various treatment procedures are available, with high-dose radioiodine being a straightforward alternative. The... (More)
Aim: The aim was to estimate the uncertainty of various factors, influencing the radioiodine uptake (RAIU) at clinical measurements of hyperthyroid patients. Furthermore, to evaluate the estimation of thyroid volume from nuclear medicine scintigraphic images. Another aim was to investigate in what extent these uncertainties may influence the eventual therapeutic radioiodine activity, and thereby the absorbed target dose to the thyroid gland.

Background: Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces excess amounts of thyroid hormones and the affected patient may experience substantial symptoms. Clinically, various treatment procedures are available, with high-dose radioiodine being a straightforward alternative. The activity, sufficient to reach the clinically prescribed absorbed dose level in the gland, is largely influenced by the estimated radioiodine uptake in the gland but also by the estimated gland volume. A number of subfactors are involved in the process of producing the uptake and gland volume estimates. Some of these were accounted for in the present study. The project follows the locally used technique at the Halland Hospital Halmstad, Sweden: radioiodine uptake, using a trace amount of the I-131 isotope, together with planar scintigraphy using Technetium pertechnetate as tracer.

Materials and Method: Fillable and reusable 3D-printed thyroid phantoms were used to reflect the uptake of iodine and technetium in the thyroid gland. The uncertainty in uptake measurement, due to the source position, the source depth and the presence of an air gap in the setup was investigated. The uncertainty in the estimated gland volume is largely influenced by the technique used to discriminate between background and gland tissue. The presently used technique with medical physicists evaluating planar, scintigraphic, images, using subjectively, hand-drawn regions of interest (ROI), was compared, for various phantom models, with an automatic segmentation technique and a fixed discrimination level. An analogous approach was used for the simulated SPECT images.

Results: The RAIU value was seen to deviate, by up to 10%, if the detector was mispositioned by up to 5 cm. This resulted in a, theoretically, 11% higher target dose. The RAIU value was also noted to deviate by up to 35%, depending on the depth to the position of the activity, with a maximum deviation for 30 mm. This implied a theoretically 54% higher target dose. Moreover, an air gap present in the system setup, meant that the RAIU value may deviate by up to 27%. This resulted in a theoretically 21% lower target dose. The estimated phantom volumes, based on freehand drawn ROIs, showed a large variation with a maximum deviation of 35%. This in turn implied a theoretically 35% lower target dose. Also noted was that the precision of the estimated phantom volume was higher than the corresponding accuracy. Automatic segmentation of planar scintigraphic images was sensitive to differences in count ratio of thyroid to background. On the other hand, SPECT images were seen to be sensitive to differences in the threshold value.

Conclusions: In this study, various factors clearly influenced both the RAIU and the gland volume estimates. Since the calculated therapeutic iodine activity prescribed for treatment of the patient strongly depends on these two parameters, it is essential that they are determined in an accurate and reproducible manner. The level of influence is not negligible and may, in fact, affect the clinical outcome for the patient. Further studies are needed to add to the complete picture of uncertainty in uptake measurements and nuclear scintigrams. However, as noted, some of the observations in this study also hinted towards possible improvements as to decrease the overall uncertainties. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Hypertyreos är en sköldkörtelsjukdom där sköldkörteln är överaktiv och producerar för mycket hormoner. Tillståndet kan orsaka symptom som är jobbiga att leva med i vardagen, till exempel hjärtklappning, svettningar, yrsel och illamående. En utav de behandlingar som används mot hypertyreos är radiojodbehandling. Vid radiojodbehandling utnyttjar man sköldkörtelns egenskap att absorbera jod från den kost man äter. Radioaktivt jod, närmare bestämt isotopen I-131, ger en lokal stråldos till sköldkörteln. Det är den ansvarige läkarens roll att ordinera måldosen till sköldkörteln och det är av yttersta vikt att den bestäms så noggrant som möjligt, för att patienten inte skall erhålla en för hög eller låg måldos.

Utifrån läkarens ordination av... (More)
Hypertyreos är en sköldkörtelsjukdom där sköldkörteln är överaktiv och producerar för mycket hormoner. Tillståndet kan orsaka symptom som är jobbiga att leva med i vardagen, till exempel hjärtklappning, svettningar, yrsel och illamående. En utav de behandlingar som används mot hypertyreos är radiojodbehandling. Vid radiojodbehandling utnyttjar man sköldkörtelns egenskap att absorbera jod från den kost man äter. Radioaktivt jod, närmare bestämt isotopen I-131, ger en lokal stråldos till sköldkörteln. Det är den ansvarige läkarens roll att ordinera måldosen till sköldkörteln och det är av yttersta vikt att den bestäms så noggrant som möjligt, för att patienten inte skall erhålla en för hög eller låg måldos.

Utifrån läkarens ordination av måldos beräknas den administrerade aktiviteten, baserad på hur mycket jod sköldkörteln tar upp och på hur stor volym av sköldkörteln som aktivt tar upp jod. Vilken andel jod sköldkörteln tar upp jämfört mot vad som har intagits i kroppen beräknas med hjälp av så kallade upptagsmätningar. Den aktiva volymen av sköldkörteln bestäms utifrån nuklearmedicinska bilder. Ett lågt upptag av jod och en stor sköldkörtel innebär att det krävs en högre behandlade dos.

Detta arbete har studerat osäkerheterna vid uppskattningar av jodupptaget och sköldkörtelvolymen på grund av dess påverkan på måldosen. Experimentella mätningar har utförts på system och utrustning som används kliniskt för upptagsmätning och volymsuppskattning vid Hallands sjukhus, Halmstad. Inverkan av hur detektorn är positionerad vid upptagsmätningen samt betydelsen av sköldkörtelns storlek och fördelning av radioaktivt jod inom densamma har studerats. 3D-utskrivna sköldkörtelfantom användes för att utvärdera befintlig metod för att uppskatta sköldkörtelvolymerna. Dessutom undersöktes möjligheten att byta ut den subjektiva volymsbestämningen mot en mer automatiserad och objektiv metod.
%5Sjukhusfysikerna utvärderade volymerna av 3D-printade sköldkörtelfantom med kända volymer, för att studera hur spridningen av uppskattade volymer ser ut.

Resultaten visade att uppskattningen av jodupptaget påverkas av en felplacering av detektorn relativt sköldkörteln, men att felplaceringen måste vara större än 5 cm för att ha en större påverkan än 10% på det uppskattade värdet. Detta skulle innebära en ökning på 11% av måldosen. Vidare visade det sig att uppskattningen av jodupptaget kan minska med upp till 35% om all radioaktiv substans är på ett kliniskt relevant djup av 30 mm, vilket motsvarar 54% för hög måldos. Den befintliga mätuppställningen visade sig ha störst påverkan på uppskattningen av jodupptaget, med upp till 27% ökning. Detta resulterar i en 21% för låg måldos. De uppskattade fantomvolymerna visade sig variera stort beroende på vilka bildinställningar som gjordes vid den subjektiva uppskattningen. Den maximala avvikelsen av uppskattad fantomvolym var -36%, vilket motsvarar 36% för låg måldos, men de flesta hade betydligt mindre avvikelse än så.

En slutsats av studien är att uppskattningen av jodupptaget beror på flera av de faktorer som studerats. Metoden för upptagsmätningar kan behöva modifieras för att öka noggrannheten. En annan slutsats var att den subjektiva metoden för uppskattning av sköldkörtelvolymen ger stora skillnader mellan olika personer. Ett alternativ kan då vara att införa en objektiv automatisk volymsuppskattning, via en optimeringsinsats, vilken dock låg utanför målet med denna studie. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Alminde, Louise
supervisor
organization
course
MSFT02 20241
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
language
English
id
9160327
date added to LUP
2024-06-20 08:34:34
date last changed
2024-06-22 22:41:59
@misc{9160327,
  abstract     = {{Aim: The aim was to estimate the uncertainty of various factors, influencing the radioiodine uptake (RAIU) at clinical measurements of hyperthyroid patients. Furthermore, to evaluate the estimation of thyroid volume from nuclear medicine scintigraphic images. Another aim was to investigate in what extent these uncertainties may influence the eventual therapeutic radioiodine activity, and thereby the absorbed target dose to the thyroid gland.

Background: Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces excess amounts of thyroid hormones and the affected patient may experience substantial symptoms. Clinically, various treatment procedures are available, with high-dose radioiodine being a straightforward alternative. The activity, sufficient to reach the clinically prescribed absorbed dose level in the gland, is largely influenced by the estimated radioiodine uptake in the gland but also by the estimated gland volume. A number of subfactors are involved in the process of producing the uptake and gland volume estimates. Some of these were accounted for in the present study. The project follows the locally used technique at the Halland Hospital Halmstad, Sweden: radioiodine uptake, using a trace amount of the I-131 isotope, together with planar scintigraphy using Technetium pertechnetate as tracer. 
 
Materials and Method: Fillable and reusable 3D-printed thyroid phantoms were used to reflect the uptake of iodine and technetium in the thyroid gland. The uncertainty in uptake measurement, due to the source position, the source depth and the presence of an air gap in the setup was investigated. The uncertainty in the estimated gland volume is largely influenced by the technique used to discriminate between background and gland tissue. The presently used technique with medical physicists evaluating planar, scintigraphic, images, using subjectively, hand-drawn regions of interest (ROI), was compared, for various phantom models, with an automatic segmentation technique and a fixed discrimination level. An analogous approach was used for the simulated SPECT images.

Results: The RAIU value was seen to deviate, by up to 10%, if the detector was mispositioned by up to 5 cm. This resulted in a, theoretically, 11% higher target dose. The RAIU value was also noted to deviate by up to 35%, depending on the depth to the position of the activity, with a maximum deviation for 30 mm. This implied a theoretically 54% higher target dose. Moreover, an air gap present in the system setup, meant that the RAIU value may deviate by up to 27%. This resulted in a theoretically 21% lower target dose. The estimated phantom volumes, based on freehand drawn ROIs, showed a large variation with a maximum deviation of 35%. This in turn implied a theoretically 35% lower target dose. Also noted was that the precision of the estimated phantom volume was higher than the corresponding accuracy. Automatic segmentation of planar scintigraphic images was sensitive to differences in count ratio of thyroid to background. On the other hand, SPECT images were seen to be sensitive to differences in the threshold value.
 
Conclusions: In this study, various factors clearly influenced both the RAIU and the gland volume estimates. Since the calculated therapeutic iodine activity prescribed for treatment of the patient strongly depends on these two parameters, it is essential that they are determined in an accurate and reproducible manner. The level of influence is not negligible and may, in fact, affect the clinical outcome for the patient. Further studies are needed to add to the complete picture of uncertainty in uptake measurements and nuclear scintigrams. However, as noted, some of the observations in this study also hinted towards possible improvements as to decrease the overall uncertainties.}},
  author       = {{Alminde, Louise}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Estimation of Uncertainties in Radioiodine Uptake Measurement and Thyroid Volume Scintigraphy Before Subsequent Radioiodine Therapy}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}