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Är reduktionsplikten kostnadseffektiv?

Haldin, Axel Conan Kim LU (2024) MVEK12 20241
Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC)
Abstract
The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Mandate (GGRM, reduktionsplikten) is Swedish
legislation focused on reducing carbon emissions by mandating that the emissions
of certain fuels are reduced by a specified percentage, that percentage increasing
each year.
This paper investigates the rationale behind a political drive to
decrease the GGRM, the cost-effectiveness of the GGRM, and the consequences of
the proposed changes in relation to binding and non-binding responsibilities and
goals relevant for Sweden. The study attempts a comparative analysis of the cost
of the GGRM and selected greenhouse gas emission valuations.
Among these are the Swedish Carbon Tax and a socio-economic
valuation given by Trafikanalys. These values are... (More)
The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Mandate (GGRM, reduktionsplikten) is Swedish
legislation focused on reducing carbon emissions by mandating that the emissions
of certain fuels are reduced by a specified percentage, that percentage increasing
each year.
This paper investigates the rationale behind a political drive to
decrease the GGRM, the cost-effectiveness of the GGRM, and the consequences of
the proposed changes in relation to binding and non-binding responsibilities and
goals relevant for Sweden. The study attempts a comparative analysis of the cost
of the GGRM and selected greenhouse gas emission valuations.
Among these are the Swedish Carbon Tax and a socio-economic
valuation given by Trafikanalys. These values are central to the study, as they can
directly be compared to the GGRM. Additionally, the debate surrounding the topic
was unusual, as parties that have historically spoken for business find themselves
opposed to long-time political allies.
Through a mixed-method approach, utilizing both qualitative and
quantitative data, this paper aims to provide an understanding of the perspectives
of different stakeholders. To collect data, a questionnaire was sent out to
stakeholders, specifically political parties and the fuel industry. Once it was clear
that the response to the questionnaire was limited, further information was collected
from available scientific and gray literature.
Ultimately, this study provides no definitive answer, as a dearth of
responses from both industry and political parties lead to limited data. Additionally,
the humbling number of relevant factors deny the formation of any definite
statement regarding the cost-effectiveness of the GGRM.
Even so, by utilizing both collected quantitative and qualitative data,
light is shed upon the topic and the complexity of the GGRM. A truly complete
analysis of the GGRM is beyond the scope of this study, requiring further study and
understanding of several disciplines to account for the many factors that affect the GGRM.
In the end, this study indicates that the cost-effectiveness of the
GGRM is highly dependent upon how carbon emissions are valued – although,
once the factors analyzed qualitatively are accounted for, the GGRM seems all the
more central to the status of Sweden’s environmental work. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Sverige har ett nationellt mål om att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från inrikes
transporter med 70% fram till år 2030. För att minska dessa utsläpp beslöt Sverige
år 2017 om den så kallade reduktionsplikten, som innefattar ett krav på att
successivt öka inblandning av biodrivmedel i diesel och bensin. Stigande
drivmedelspriser har sen dess fått flera partier att vända sig mot reduktionsplikten.
Debatten om reduktionsplikten är fylld med olika åsikter och argument för och
emot reduktionsplikten.
Huvudargumenten mot reduktionsplikten är dess kostnad eller
ineffektivitet. Uppsatsen behandlar reduktionspliktens kostnadseffektivitet jämfört
med olika värden av koldioxidekvivalenter, partiernas förslag till en sänkt
... (More)
Sverige har ett nationellt mål om att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från inrikes
transporter med 70% fram till år 2030. För att minska dessa utsläpp beslöt Sverige
år 2017 om den så kallade reduktionsplikten, som innefattar ett krav på att
successivt öka inblandning av biodrivmedel i diesel och bensin. Stigande
drivmedelspriser har sen dess fått flera partier att vända sig mot reduktionsplikten.
Debatten om reduktionsplikten är fylld med olika åsikter och argument för och
emot reduktionsplikten.
Huvudargumenten mot reduktionsplikten är dess kostnad eller
ineffektivitet. Uppsatsen behandlar reduktionspliktens kostnadseffektivitet jämfört
med olika värden av koldioxidekvivalenter, partiernas förslag till en sänkt
reduktionsplikt och om dessa är förenliga med Sveriges mål och åtaganden. För att
förstå debatten behöver meningsskillnaderna mellan de olika parterna kartläggas
för att förstå och identifiera andra påverkande faktorer, samt potentiell bias i deras
respons.
Den låga responsnivån innebar att arbetet efterliknar en
litteraturstudie med kompletterande information från fråge-enkäter. Partiernas och
industrins åsiktsskillnader vilar delvis på olika explicita eller implicita monetära
värden på minskade utsläpp av växthusgaser, antagna produktionskostnader samt
målsättningar i miljöpolitiken. Resultaten demonstrerar att kostnadseffektiviteten
av reduktionsplikten beror på vilket monetärt värde på koldioxidekvivalenter som
används, och att dessa värden stigit sedan reduktionsplikten infördes.
Det måste understrykas att ett flertal faktorer påverkar beräkningen
av reduktionspliktens kostnadseffektivitet. Tidsperspektivet liksom
diskonteringsräntan är viktig – ju lägre diskonteringsränta, desto mer vikt ges
framtida effekter. Om industrin får långsiktiga förutsättningar för investeringar, kan
kostnaden för framtida produktion av biodrivmedel förväntas sjunka.
Detta arbete kan ses som ett processteg till förståelse av de
fundamentala åsikts- och beräkningsskillnader om reduktionsplikten och
koldioxidekvivalentvärden som i sin tur bestämmer reduktionspliktens
kostnadseffektivitet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Haldin, Axel Conan Kim LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Is the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Mandate cost-effective?
course
MVEK12 20241
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Carbon pricing, biofuel, Cost-effectiveness, Environmental policy
language
Swedish
id
9164891
date added to LUP
2024-06-18 14:51:53
date last changed
2024-06-18 14:51:53
@misc{9164891,
  abstract     = {{The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Mandate (GGRM, reduktionsplikten) is Swedish 
legislation focused on reducing carbon emissions by mandating that the emissions 
of certain fuels are reduced by a specified percentage, that percentage increasing 
each year. 
This paper investigates the rationale behind a political drive to 
decrease the GGRM, the cost-effectiveness of the GGRM, and the consequences of
the proposed changes in relation to binding and non-binding responsibilities and 
goals relevant for Sweden. The study attempts a comparative analysis of the cost 
of the GGRM and selected greenhouse gas emission valuations. 
Among these are the Swedish Carbon Tax and a socio-economic 
valuation given by Trafikanalys. These values are central to the study, as they can 
directly be compared to the GGRM. Additionally, the debate surrounding the topic 
was unusual, as parties that have historically spoken for business find themselves 
opposed to long-time political allies.
Through a mixed-method approach, utilizing both qualitative and 
quantitative data, this paper aims to provide an understanding of the perspectives 
of different stakeholders. To collect data, a questionnaire was sent out to 
stakeholders, specifically political parties and the fuel industry. Once it was clear 
that the response to the questionnaire was limited, further information was collected 
from available scientific and gray literature. 
Ultimately, this study provides no definitive answer, as a dearth of 
responses from both industry and political parties lead to limited data. Additionally, 
the humbling number of relevant factors deny the formation of any definite 
statement regarding the cost-effectiveness of the GGRM. 
Even so, by utilizing both collected quantitative and qualitative data, 
light is shed upon the topic and the complexity of the GGRM. A truly complete 
analysis of the GGRM is beyond the scope of this study, requiring further study and 
understanding of several disciplines to account for the many factors that affect the GGRM.
In the end, this study indicates that the cost-effectiveness of the 
GGRM is highly dependent upon how carbon emissions are valued – although, 
once the factors analyzed qualitatively are accounted for, the GGRM seems all the 
more central to the status of Sweden’s environmental work.}},
  author       = {{Haldin, Axel Conan Kim}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Är reduktionsplikten kostnadseffektiv?}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}