Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Barn som otjänligt brottsobjekt - En analys av den provocerades straffrättsliga ansvar vid provokativa åtgärder beträffande sexualbrott mot barn på nätet

Árnason, Tumi LU (2026) JURM02 20261
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats undersöker räckvidden av det straffrättsliga ansvaret för försök till sexualbrott mot barn på nätet när polisen uppträder som barn, samt hur detta ansvar förhåller sig till rätten till en rättvis rättegång enligt artikel 6 i EKMR.
Rättsläget har förändrats påtagligt under de senaste åren. Genom NJA 2023 s. 393 ”Vapenattrappen” preciserade Högsta domstolen det straffbara området för otjänliga försök enligt 23 kap. 1 § BrB. Som svar på avgörandet införde lagstiftaren ett nytt andra stycke i bestämmelsen, vilket utvidgar försöksansvaret till att omfatta situationer där faran för brottets fullbordan undanröjts till följd av en myndighets åtgärd för att bekämpa brott. Ungefär samtidigt intog Europadomstolen i sitt avgörande i... (More)
Denna uppsats undersöker räckvidden av det straffrättsliga ansvaret för försök till sexualbrott mot barn på nätet när polisen uppträder som barn, samt hur detta ansvar förhåller sig till rätten till en rättvis rättegång enligt artikel 6 i EKMR.
Rättsläget har förändrats påtagligt under de senaste åren. Genom NJA 2023 s. 393 ”Vapenattrappen” preciserade Högsta domstolen det straffbara området för otjänliga försök enligt 23 kap. 1 § BrB. Som svar på avgörandet införde lagstiftaren ett nytt andra stycke i bestämmelsen, vilket utvidgar försöksansvaret till att omfatta situationer där faran för brottets fullbordan undanröjts till följd av en myndighets åtgärd för att bekämpa brott. Ungefär samtidigt intog Europadomstolen i sitt avgörande i Helme mot Estland en mer tillåtande inställning till nätbaserade provokativa åtgärder beträffande sexualbrott mot barn.
Analysen utgår från två typsituationer: övertagandefallet, där polisen tar över en pågående konversation mellan ett verkligt barn och en gärningsman, och konstruktionsfallet, där polisen från grunden skapar en fiktiv profil. Övertagandefallet omfattas i regel av det straffbara området och ryms inom ramen för EKMR art. 6. Konstruktionsfallet är dock mer komplext. Huruvida sådana fall faller inom den nya myndighetsregeln beror på hur kausalitetskravet (som ligger i rekvisitet till följd av) tolkas. Enligt en strikt läsning borde straffansvar vara uteslutet i fall där något verkligt brottsobjekt aldrig existerat, medan en mer ändamålsorienterad tolkning ger vid handen att straffansvaret omfattar även sådana situationer. Något principiellt hinder mot att bestraffa försök som riktas mot ett brottsobjekt som aldrig existerat finns dock inte. Det är tvärtom svårt att med stöd av traditionella försöksteorier förklara varför en fareundanröjande omständighet ska behandlas olika beroende på om den är hänförlig till en statlig eller icke-statlig aktör, när detta förhållande är okänt ur gärningsmannens perspektiv.
En mer övergripande iakttagelse är att försöksansvarets konstruktion tidigare har lämnat vissa framprovocerade gärningar utanför det straffbara området, varför någon lagföring inte aktualiserats och frågan om otillbörlig brottsprovokation inte heller har behövt prövas i dessa fall. Myndighetsregeln rubbar denna ordning. Bördan av att avgränsa området för lagföring av framprovocerade gärningar av det slag som behandlas i uppsatsen förskjuts därmed till provokationsläran. Samtidigt saknar svensk rätt en utvecklad provokationslära; bedömningen av den provocerades straffrättsliga ansvar grundas i stället på miniminivån som följer av Europadomstolens praxis, vilken har luckrats upp genom Helme. Den materiella begränsningen av polisens handlingsutrymme vilar i nuläget huvudsakligen på en enda tröskel, kravet på myndigheternas väsentliga passivitet i den enskilda interaktionen, vars närmare innebörd i en nätbaserad kontext i nuläget är obesvarad. (Less)
Abstract
This thesis examines the scope of criminal liability for attempted sexual
offences against children online when a police officer impersonates a child,
and how this liability relates to the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR.

The legal position has shifted markedly in recent years. In NJA 2023 p. 393
"Vapenattrappen" (The weapon replica), the Supreme Court of Sweden
clarified the scope of impossible attempts under Chapter 23, Section 1 of the
Swedish Penal Code. In response, the legislator introduced a new second
paragraph in that provision, extending attempt liability to cases where the risk
of the offence being completed has been eliminated as a result of a measure
taken by a public authority to combat crime. At... (More)
This thesis examines the scope of criminal liability for attempted sexual
offences against children online when a police officer impersonates a child,
and how this liability relates to the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR.

The legal position has shifted markedly in recent years. In NJA 2023 p. 393
"Vapenattrappen" (The weapon replica), the Supreme Court of Sweden
clarified the scope of impossible attempts under Chapter 23, Section 1 of the
Swedish Penal Code. In response, the legislator introduced a new second
paragraph in that provision, extending attempt liability to cases where the risk
of the offence being completed has been eliminated as a result of a measure
taken by a public authority to combat crime. At roughly the same time, the
European Court of Human Rights in Helme v. Estonia adopted a more permissive approach to online undercover operations concerning sexual offences
against children.

The analysis is structured around two paradigmatic scenarios: the takeover
scenario, in which the police take over an ongoing conversation between a
real child and a perpetrator, and the constructed scenario, in which the police
create a fictitious profile from scratch. The takeover scenario will, as a rule,
fall within the scope of criminal liability and within the limits set by Article
6 ECHR. The constructed scenario is more complex. Whether such cases fall
within the new statutory rule depends on how strictly the causation
requirement (which follows from the term as a result of) is interpreted. On a
strict reading, criminal liability should be excluded in cases where no real
object of the offence has ever existed, whereas a more purposive
interpretation suggests that liability extends to such situations as well. There
is, however, no principled objection to punishing attempts directed at an
object of the offence that has never existed. On the contrary, it is difficult, on
the basis of traditional theories of criminal attempts, to explain why a
circumstance eliminating the risk of completion should be treated differently
depending on whether it is attributable to a state actor or to a non-state actor,
when this is unknown from the perpetrator’s perspective.

A broader observation is that the construction of attempt liability has
previously left certain incited acts outside the scope of criminal liability, with
the result that no question of criminal responsibility has arisen. The question
of unlawful entrapment has thus not been examined in these cases. The new
statutory rule disrupts this settled order. The burden of limiting criminal
responsibility for incited acts of the kind addressed in this thesis is thereby
shifted onto the doctrine on entrapment. At the same time, Swedish law lacks
a developed entrapment doctrine of its own; the criminal liability of the
person subjected to entrapment is instead assessed on the basis of the
minimum standard derived from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, which has been loosened through Helme. The substantive
limit on the scope of police action in these cases currently rests mainly on a
single threshold, the requirement that the authorities remain essentially
passive in the individual interaction, the precise content of which in an online
context currently remains unresolved. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Árnason, Tumi LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Children as Impossible Objects of Crime: Criminal Liability in Entrapment Operations Concerning Online Sexual Offences Against Children
course
JURM02 20261
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, brottsprovokation, försök, försöksbrott, entrapment, police incitement, provokation, dumpen, försök till brott, otjänliga försök, impossible attempts, EKMR, European Convention on Human Rights, Vapenattrappen, myndighetsregeln, internetrelaterade sexuella övergrepp mot barn, sexualbrott mot barn, provokativa åtgärder, EKMR artikel 6, rättvis rättegång, Europadomstolen, European Court of Human Rights
language
Swedish
id
9226807
date added to LUP
2026-06-05 13:00:14
date last changed
2026-06-05 13:00:14
@misc{9226807,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines the scope of criminal liability for attempted sexual
offences against children online when a police officer impersonates a child,
and how this liability relates to the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR.

The legal position has shifted markedly in recent years. In NJA 2023 p. 393
"Vapenattrappen" (The weapon replica), the Supreme Court of Sweden
clarified the scope of impossible attempts under Chapter 23, Section 1 of the
Swedish Penal Code. In response, the legislator introduced a new second
paragraph in that provision, extending attempt liability to cases where the risk
of the offence being completed has been eliminated as a result of a measure
taken by a public authority to combat crime. At roughly the same time, the
European Court of Human Rights in Helme v. Estonia adopted a more permissive approach to online undercover operations concerning sexual offences
against children.

The analysis is structured around two paradigmatic scenarios: the takeover
scenario, in which the police take over an ongoing conversation between a
real child and a perpetrator, and the constructed scenario, in which the police
create a fictitious profile from scratch. The takeover scenario will, as a rule,
fall within the scope of criminal liability and within the limits set by Article
6 ECHR. The constructed scenario is more complex. Whether such cases fall
within the new statutory rule depends on how strictly the causation
requirement (which follows from the term as a result of) is interpreted. On a
strict reading, criminal liability should be excluded in cases where no real
object of the offence has ever existed, whereas a more purposive
interpretation suggests that liability extends to such situations as well. There
is, however, no principled objection to punishing attempts directed at an
object of the offence that has never existed. On the contrary, it is difficult, on
the basis of traditional theories of criminal attempts, to explain why a
circumstance eliminating the risk of completion should be treated differently
depending on whether it is attributable to a state actor or to a non-state actor,
when this is unknown from the perpetrator’s perspective.

A broader observation is that the construction of attempt liability has
previously left certain incited acts outside the scope of criminal liability, with
the result that no question of criminal responsibility has arisen. The question
of unlawful entrapment has thus not been examined in these cases. The new
statutory rule disrupts this settled order. The burden of limiting criminal
responsibility for incited acts of the kind addressed in this thesis is thereby
shifted onto the doctrine on entrapment. At the same time, Swedish law lacks
a developed entrapment doctrine of its own; the criminal liability of the
person subjected to entrapment is instead assessed on the basis of the
minimum standard derived from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, which has been loosened through Helme. The substantive
limit on the scope of police action in these cases currently rests mainly on a
single threshold, the requirement that the authorities remain essentially
passive in the individual interaction, the precise content of which in an online
context currently remains unresolved.}},
  author       = {{Árnason, Tumi}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Barn som otjänligt brottsobjekt - En analys av den provocerades straffrättsliga ansvar vid provokativa åtgärder beträffande sexualbrott mot barn på nätet}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}