Dynamic and static axial symmetry breaking in nuclei
(2026) FYSK04 20261Mathematical Physics
Department of Physics
- Abstract
- In the collective model of the atomic nucleus, oscillations in the quadrupole deformation naturally arise; a type of these dynamic shape fluctuations are known as γ-vibrations. However, features attributed to these vibrational modes may instead arise from static triaxiality through configuration mixing. This thesis explores a possible way to avoid this ambiguity. Whilst single phonon γ-vibrations are firmly established the search for pure double phonon γγ-vibrations is currently underway. And thus, a good theoretical understanding of γ-vibrations would be beneficial. The central idea of this work is to suppress the rotational copies of the intrinsic shape by restricting the rotational degree of freedom to a single axis in the nuclear... (More)
- In the collective model of the atomic nucleus, oscillations in the quadrupole deformation naturally arise; a type of these dynamic shape fluctuations are known as γ-vibrations. However, features attributed to these vibrational modes may instead arise from static triaxiality through configuration mixing. This thesis explores a possible way to avoid this ambiguity. Whilst single phonon γ-vibrations are firmly established the search for pure double phonon γγ-vibrations is currently underway. And thus, a good theoretical understanding of γ-vibrations would be beneficial. The central idea of this work is to suppress the rotational copies of the intrinsic shape by restricting the rotational degree of freedom to a single axis in the nuclear model. Two nuclei, 24Mg and 32S, were investigated and both showed behaviour characteristic of γ-vibrational modes. The results furthermore agree closely with the Bohr Hamiltonian thus affirming the interpretation of γ-vibrations as true dynamic shape fluctuations. (Less)
- Popular Abstract
- Imagine you have an elastic ball (a spherical balloon for example), one you can pull and squish to your heart's desire. The shapes, or deformations, you can produce by you pulling and squishing are called by the fancy term quadrupole deformations. Pulling the ball along one line (an axis) you obtain a prolate shape similar to an American football, and if you instead squeeze along that axis you get a pancake called an oblate shape. By the help of a friend you may pull and squeeze along two different axes and thus obtain a shape somewhere in between the prolate and oblate called triaxial.
The very same shapes, these quadrupole deformations, can describe the shape of the core of an atom (the nucleus). However, nuclei are incredibly small... (More) - Imagine you have an elastic ball (a spherical balloon for example), one you can pull and squish to your heart's desire. The shapes, or deformations, you can produce by you pulling and squishing are called by the fancy term quadrupole deformations. Pulling the ball along one line (an axis) you obtain a prolate shape similar to an American football, and if you instead squeeze along that axis you get a pancake called an oblate shape. By the help of a friend you may pull and squeeze along two different axes and thus obtain a shape somewhere in between the prolate and oblate called triaxial.
The very same shapes, these quadrupole deformations, can describe the shape of the core of an atom (the nucleus). However, nuclei are incredibly small (on the order of femtometers that is 10^-15 meters), and thus are governed by the the laws of quantum mechanics. It is here where our description becomes confusing and abstract. See, a common phenomenon of quantum mechanics is what is called superposition: a particle can be at two places at once. In our case, this translates to the fact that a nucleus can obtain two shapes at once.
With a little bit of energy we observe fluctuations in the nucleus' shape, something we then interpret as vibrations. We observe this as the mixing of several shapes adhering to our nucleus. When the mixed shapes are triaxial we call this a γ-vibration (gamma-vibration).
The issue is that there exists some ambiguity to whether the mixing of shapes is in fact due to a dynamic fluctuation: one could obtain the same picture with a statically deformed shape by simply rotating it in space.
By the use of computers we may create a model system describing nuclei from the ground up by using the quantum mechanical principles. We can then control the symmetry of our modeled system by the use of a projection operator, which can be thought of as a filter, removing all undesirable parts. We created one such projection operator to restrict the rotational symmetry to one axis. The idea is that if we remove the possibility for the nucleus to rotate and we still observe a γ-vibration then we can say for sure that this is a dynamic shape fluctuation.
Two nuclei were studied, 24Mg (magnesium) and 32S (sulfur). First an analysis of the restricted model revealed that it functioned as expected yielding a faster description of nature than its unrestricted counterpart. The important note is that the restricted model produces a correct description of a nucleus rotationally fixed in space. It was then found that the γ-vibrations persisted in the restricted model for both of these nuclei. Thus affirming the interpretation of γ-vibrations as true vibrational states. (Less) - Popular Abstract (Swedish)
- Tänk dig att du har en elastisk boll (till exempel en sfärisk ballong), en som du kan dra och pressa ihop till ditt hjärtas begäran. De former, eller deformationer, du kan skapa genom att dra och pressa kallas, med den tjusiga termen, kvadrupoldeformationer. Genom att dra bollen längs en linje (en axel) får du en prolat form vilket liknar en amerikansk fotboll, och om du istället pressar längs den axeln får du en pannkaka vilket kallas en oblat form. Med hjälp av en vän kan du dra och pressa längs två olika axlar och därmed få en form någonstans mellan den prolata och oblat formen som kallas triaxial.
Samma former, dessa kvadrupoldeformationer, kan beskriva formen på kärnan av en atom (atomkärnan). Atomkärnor är dock otroligt små (i... (More) - Tänk dig att du har en elastisk boll (till exempel en sfärisk ballong), en som du kan dra och pressa ihop till ditt hjärtas begäran. De former, eller deformationer, du kan skapa genom att dra och pressa kallas, med den tjusiga termen, kvadrupoldeformationer. Genom att dra bollen längs en linje (en axel) får du en prolat form vilket liknar en amerikansk fotboll, och om du istället pressar längs den axeln får du en pannkaka vilket kallas en oblat form. Med hjälp av en vän kan du dra och pressa längs två olika axlar och därmed få en form någonstans mellan den prolata och oblat formen som kallas triaxial.
Samma former, dessa kvadrupoldeformationer, kan beskriva formen på kärnan av en atom (atomkärnan). Atomkärnor är dock otroligt små (i storleksordningen av några femtometer det vill säga 10^-15 meter), och styrs därför av kvantmekanikens lagar. Det är här vår beskrivning blir förvirrande och abstrakt. Du förstår, ett välkänt fenomen inom kvantmekaniken är det som kallas superposition: en partikel kan befinna sig på två platser samtidigt. I vårt fall innebär detta att en kärna kan anta två former samtidigt.
Med lite energi observerar vi fluktuationer i atomkärnans form, något vi sedan tolkar som vibrationer. Vi observerar detta som en blandning av flera former som beskriver vår kärna. När de blandade formerna är triaxiella kallar vi detta en γ-vibration (gamma-vibration).
Problemet är att det finns en viss tvetydighet om huruvida blandningen av former faktiskt beror på en dynamisk fluktuation: då man kan få samma bild med en statiskt deformerad atomkärna genom att endast rotera den i rymden.
Med hjälp av datorer kan vi skapa ett modellsystem som beskriver kärnor från grunden genom att använda kvantmekaniska principer. Vi kan sedan styra symmetrin i vårt modellerade system med hjälp av en projektionsoperator, vilket kan betraktas som ett filter, som tar bort alla oönskade delar. Vi skapade en sådan projektionsoperator för att begränsa rotationssymmetrin till en axel. Tanken är att om vi tar bort möjligheten för atomkärnan att rotera och vi fortfarande observerar en γ-vibration, så kan vi med säkerhet säga att detta är en dynamisk formfluktuation.
Två kärnor studerades, 24Mg (magnesium) och 32S (svavel). Först visade en analys av den begränsande modellen att den fungerade som förväntat och gav en snabbare beskrivning av naturen än dess obegränsande motsvarighet. Det viktiga är att den begränsande modellen ger en korrekt beskrivning av en atomkärna som är rotationsfixerad i rymden. Det upptäcktes sedan att γ-vibrationerna kvarstod i den begränsande modellen för båda dessa kärnor. Detta bekräftar tolkningen av γ-vibrationer som sanna vibrationstillstånd. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9237049
- author
- Hildebrand Jakander, Lucas LU
- supervisor
-
- Gillis Carlsson LU
- Andrea Idini LU
- organization
- course
- FYSK04 20261
- year
- 2026
- type
- M2 - Bachelor Degree
- subject
- keywords
- Nuclear Structure, Axial Symmetry Breaking, γ-vibrations
- language
- English
- id
- 9237049
- date added to LUP
- 2026-06-15 07:04:37
- date last changed
- 2026-06-15 07:04:37
@misc{9237049,
abstract = {{In the collective model of the atomic nucleus, oscillations in the quadrupole deformation naturally arise; a type of these dynamic shape fluctuations are known as γ-vibrations. However, features attributed to these vibrational modes may instead arise from static triaxiality through configuration mixing. This thesis explores a possible way to avoid this ambiguity. Whilst single phonon γ-vibrations are firmly established the search for pure double phonon γγ-vibrations is currently underway. And thus, a good theoretical understanding of γ-vibrations would be beneficial. The central idea of this work is to suppress the rotational copies of the intrinsic shape by restricting the rotational degree of freedom to a single axis in the nuclear model. Two nuclei, 24Mg and 32S, were investigated and both showed behaviour characteristic of γ-vibrational modes. The results furthermore agree closely with the Bohr Hamiltonian thus affirming the interpretation of γ-vibrations as true dynamic shape fluctuations.}},
author = {{Hildebrand Jakander, Lucas}},
language = {{eng}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{Dynamic and static axial symmetry breaking in nuclei}},
year = {{2026}},
}