The Exocomets of β Pictoris: A study of exocometary dynamics
(2026) ASTM32 20261Astrophysics
Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics - Has been reorganised
- Abstract
- β Pictoris is a nearby, young planetary system hosting an edge-on oriented dust disk. It is not only the system where the first exocomets were discovered, but also the most studied exocomet system. Decades of observations since the first exocomet discovery in the 1980’s have shown spectroscopic transits of evaporating exocomets at close orbital distances to the host star. Although many observational and theoretical studies have been carried out since discovery of the β Pictoris exocomet phenomenon, the physical nature and origins of these exocomets remain poorly understood. The aim of this thesis is to, through N-body simulations and theoretical modeling, relate to exocometary observations, determine likely regions of exocomet origin in... (More)
- β Pictoris is a nearby, young planetary system hosting an edge-on oriented dust disk. It is not only the system where the first exocomets were discovered, but also the most studied exocomet system. Decades of observations since the first exocomet discovery in the 1980’s have shown spectroscopic transits of evaporating exocomets at close orbital distances to the host star. Although many observational and theoretical studies have been carried out since discovery of the β Pictoris exocomet phenomenon, the physical nature and origins of these exocomets remain poorly understood. The aim of this thesis is to, through N-body simulations and theoretical modeling, relate to exocometary observations, determine likely regions of exocomet origin in the system as well as plausible mechanisms that drive the creation of the exocomets observed in β Pictoris. This work presents a simulation where the β Pictoris system was integrated together with a disk of over 100 thousand test-particles for 25 Myr, longer than the estimated age of the system. The simulation resolves
close encounters between the simulated test-particles and the two planets of the system, as it uses the non-symplectic Rebound integrator IAS15.
The results show that the system is generally highly dynamically unstable on short time-scales. Most of the test-particles initiated below ∼ 35 AU are removed from the simulation, while the system is stable beyond this limit as the planetary perturbations have not yet reached this distance after 25 Myr. The simulation revealed additional regions of stability, one interior to the orbit of β Pictoris c and another region outside of the orbits of the planets, distributed in smaller semi-major axis ranges of stability between 20 and 25 AU.
The results presented in this thesis show that exocomets can be sourced from these two regions of stability, as well as the inner edge of the ∼ 35 AU stability region, at time-scales that are on the order of the age of the system. Exocomets are produced from two main regions of the β Pictoris system, the region interior to the planetary orbits and the region exterior to the orbits of the planets.
This thesis proposes that the two populations of exocomets, sourced from the two identified regions of stability, could correspond to the two families of exocomets observed spectroscopically in β Pictoris. The inner population exocomets are in the simulation created by eccentricity excitation through resonant interactions with β Pictoris c, resulting in a narrow distribution of radial velocities similar to one of the observed exo- comet families. A broad radial velocity distribution is obtained for the exocomets of the outer population
who are driven into the vicinity of the star through disruption by the two planets. This population could correspond to the second observed exocomet family. The outer population exocomets originate from outside of the water sublimation limit of the system and are efficiently transported from this region onto stargrazing orbits. Compositional differences of the exocomets from the two populations are therefore expected. This work predicts that a fraction of the exocomets observed in β Pictoris today could have a significant, unseen,
volatile content. A portion of the results presented here have also been published in Jaworska & Hoeijmakers
(2026).
Additionally to the simulations, modeling of the sublimated exocometary material was performed in this study. This modeling found that the dynamical properties of ions in the gas released by exocomets could explain why certain elements are observed much more commonly than others. In particular, the recently discovered neutral sodium was found to strongly be affected by radiation pressure and have a short ionization time, making it unobservable at short distances to the star, where exocomets are expected. Neutral sodium could become observable on occasions where mechanisms such as fragmentation of the exocometary nucleus and/or exceptionally high electron density are present. (Less) - Popular Abstract (Swedish)
- Beta Pictoris (β Pic) är ett ungt och närbelagt stjärnsystem. Systemet består av en stjärna som är nästan dubbelt så tung som solen, omgiven av två Jupiter-liknande planeter samt en utbredd disk av stoft. Beta Pictoris är systemet där exokometer upptäcktes för första gången någonsin. Exokometer är små kroppar som utsöndrar stora mängder gas när de passerar tillräckligt nära sin stjärna. De observerades här redan för drygt 40 år sedan och trots tusentals observationer är det än idag många frågor som kvarstår om dessa kroppar. Det är idag fortfarande oklart vart exokometerna i Beta Pictoris härstammar från och vad det innebär för deras komposition. Kometerna i vårt solsystem härstammar från de kalla och avlägsna delarna av solsystemet och är... (More)
- Beta Pictoris (β Pic) är ett ungt och närbelagt stjärnsystem. Systemet består av en stjärna som är nästan dubbelt så tung som solen, omgiven av två Jupiter-liknande planeter samt en utbredd disk av stoft. Beta Pictoris är systemet där exokometer upptäcktes för första gången någonsin. Exokometer är små kroppar som utsöndrar stora mängder gas när de passerar tillräckligt nära sin stjärna. De observerades här redan för drygt 40 år sedan och trots tusentals observationer är det än idag många frågor som kvarstår om dessa kroppar. Det är idag fortfarande oklart vart exokometerna i Beta Pictoris härstammar från och vad det innebär för deras komposition. Kometerna i vårt solsystem härstammar från de kalla och avlägsna delarna av solsystemet och är uppbygda av både is och sten. I de inre och varmare delarna av solsystemet finns bälten av asteroider, små kroppar som i största del består av sten. Genom att hitta möjliga exokomet-bälten i Beta Pictoris vill denna studien ta reda på i hur stor grad exokometerna där är lika de små himlakropparna, kometerna och asteroiderna, vi har i vårt egna solsystem.
I den här studien har en datorsimulering av Beta Pictoris utförts för att försöka identifiera vilka regioner i systemet som kan vara potentiella hem för de observerade exokometerna. Simuleringen visar att majoriteten av systemet är instabilt på grund av den starka gravitationen från de två planeterna. Resultaten pekar på att det kan finnas två potentiella platser i systemet där exokometerna skulle kunna ha sitt ursprung. De skulle kunna härstamma från systemets yttre, kalla regioner och då vara snöbollsliknande som kometerna i vårt solsystem. Exokometerna kan också ha sina rötter i den mycket varma inre regionen av systemet och då vara mer lika solsystemets asteroider. Kortfattat visar simuleringen att det finns en möjlighet att Beta Pictoris har små himlakroppar som både är lika kometer och asteroider och på så sätt är systemet likt vårt solsystem.
Observationer har tidgare visat att exokometerna i Beta Pictoris är indelade i två familjer med olika egenskaper. Genom att jämföra egenskaper av de observerade exokometerna och resultat av datorsimuleringen kan denna studien säga att de två familjerna möjligen härstammar från olika platser i stjärnsystemet. Detta är första gången som de två exokometfamiljerna kunnat förklaras med hjälp av simuleringar.
Denna avhandling undersöker även varför vissa grundämnen observeras oftare än andra i exokometerna. När exokometer observeras är det oftast inte själva kroppen som ger upphov till signalen. När exokometen kommer tillräckligt nära stjärnan, utsöndras stora mängder gas som täcker en tillräckligt stor del av stjärnan för att vara synlig för observationerna. Resultaten av denna studie visar att det starka ljuset från stjärnan bidrar till att neutrala ämnen i gasen blir osynliga. Neutrala atomer fångar upp det energirika ljuset och som konsekvens förlorar de elektroner och blir positivt laddade joner, en process kallad jonisering. På grund av att ljuset från stjärnan är starkt, går joniserings processen fort och ämnen som natrium hinner inte expandera för att kunna täcka tillräckligt mycket av stjärnan och kunna observeras. Natrium observeras bara i speciella fall där det starka joniserande ljuset från stjärnan kan motverkas av andra processer. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9247313
- author
- Jaworska, Klaudia LU
- supervisor
- organization
- course
- ASTM32 20261
- year
- 2026
- type
- H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
- subject
- report number
- EXA265
- language
- English
- id
- 9247313
- date added to LUP
- 2026-08-10 12:27:42
- date last changed
- 2026-08-10 12:27:42
@misc{9247313,
abstract = {{β Pictoris is a nearby, young planetary system hosting an edge-on oriented dust disk. It is not only the system where the first exocomets were discovered, but also the most studied exocomet system. Decades of observations since the first exocomet discovery in the 1980’s have shown spectroscopic transits of evaporating exocomets at close orbital distances to the host star. Although many observational and theoretical studies have been carried out since discovery of the β Pictoris exocomet phenomenon, the physical nature and origins of these exocomets remain poorly understood. The aim of this thesis is to, through N-body simulations and theoretical modeling, relate to exocometary observations, determine likely regions of exocomet origin in the system as well as plausible mechanisms that drive the creation of the exocomets observed in β Pictoris. This work presents a simulation where the β Pictoris system was integrated together with a disk of over 100 thousand test-particles for 25 Myr, longer than the estimated age of the system. The simulation resolves
close encounters between the simulated test-particles and the two planets of the system, as it uses the non-symplectic Rebound integrator IAS15.
The results show that the system is generally highly dynamically unstable on short time-scales. Most of the test-particles initiated below ∼ 35 AU are removed from the simulation, while the system is stable beyond this limit as the planetary perturbations have not yet reached this distance after 25 Myr. The simulation revealed additional regions of stability, one interior to the orbit of β Pictoris c and another region outside of the orbits of the planets, distributed in smaller semi-major axis ranges of stability between 20 and 25 AU.
The results presented in this thesis show that exocomets can be sourced from these two regions of stability, as well as the inner edge of the ∼ 35 AU stability region, at time-scales that are on the order of the age of the system. Exocomets are produced from two main regions of the β Pictoris system, the region interior to the planetary orbits and the region exterior to the orbits of the planets.
This thesis proposes that the two populations of exocomets, sourced from the two identified regions of stability, could correspond to the two families of exocomets observed spectroscopically in β Pictoris. The inner population exocomets are in the simulation created by eccentricity excitation through resonant interactions with β Pictoris c, resulting in a narrow distribution of radial velocities similar to one of the observed exo- comet families. A broad radial velocity distribution is obtained for the exocomets of the outer population
who are driven into the vicinity of the star through disruption by the two planets. This population could correspond to the second observed exocomet family. The outer population exocomets originate from outside of the water sublimation limit of the system and are efficiently transported from this region onto stargrazing orbits. Compositional differences of the exocomets from the two populations are therefore expected. This work predicts that a fraction of the exocomets observed in β Pictoris today could have a significant, unseen,
volatile content. A portion of the results presented here have also been published in Jaworska & Hoeijmakers
(2026).
Additionally to the simulations, modeling of the sublimated exocometary material was performed in this study. This modeling found that the dynamical properties of ions in the gas released by exocomets could explain why certain elements are observed much more commonly than others. In particular, the recently discovered neutral sodium was found to strongly be affected by radiation pressure and have a short ionization time, making it unobservable at short distances to the star, where exocomets are expected. Neutral sodium could become observable on occasions where mechanisms such as fragmentation of the exocometary nucleus and/or exceptionally high electron density are present.}},
author = {{Jaworska, Klaudia}},
language = {{eng}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{The Exocomets of β Pictoris: A study of exocometary dynamics}},
year = {{2026}},
}