Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Vem drar nytta av arbetet? - En skatterättslig studie kring införandet av ett ekonomiskt arbetsgivarsynsätt i Sverige vid tillämpning av 183-dagarsregeln

Ingelberg, Sofia LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Sverige tillämpar ett formellt arbetsgivarsynsätt avseende 183-dagarsregeln. Bestämmelsen återfinns i lagen (1991:586) om särskild inkomstskatt för utomlands bosatta, SINK. Där stadgas att utomlands bosatta personers ersättning ska undantas från beskattning om särskilda rekvisit är uppfyllda. Personen ska vistas färre än 183 dagar i Sverige och ersättningen betalas ut från en utländsk arbetsgivare som saknar fast driftställe i Sverige. Bestämmelsen i SINK är baserad på 183-dagarsregln i OECD:s modellavtal. Regleringen infördes i modellavtalet i syfte att undvika att ersättning för kortare arbete utanför hemviststaten beskattas i arbetslandet när arbetsgivaren inte är skattskyldig där.

Modellavtalet tillåter två tolkningar av begreppet... (More)
Sverige tillämpar ett formellt arbetsgivarsynsätt avseende 183-dagarsregeln. Bestämmelsen återfinns i lagen (1991:586) om särskild inkomstskatt för utomlands bosatta, SINK. Där stadgas att utomlands bosatta personers ersättning ska undantas från beskattning om särskilda rekvisit är uppfyllda. Personen ska vistas färre än 183 dagar i Sverige och ersättningen betalas ut från en utländsk arbetsgivare som saknar fast driftställe i Sverige. Bestämmelsen i SINK är baserad på 183-dagarsregln i OECD:s modellavtal. Regleringen infördes i modellavtalet i syfte att undvika att ersättning för kortare arbete utanför hemviststaten beskattas i arbetslandet när arbetsgivaren inte är skattskyldig där.

Modellavtalet tillåter två tolkningar av begreppet arbetsgivare, ett formellt och ett ekonomiskt arbetsgivarbegrepp. I kommentarerna till modellavtalet framgår att det är upp till nationell lagstiftning att fastställa definitionen av begreppet arbetsgivare. Genom att Sverige tillämpar ett formellt arbetsgivarsynsätt vid tillämpning av 183-dagarsregeln frånsäger sig Sverige rätten att beskatta arbetstagare som tillfälligt arbetar i Sverige. Det formella anställningsförhållandet är avgörande vid bedömningen av vem som är att se som arbetsgivare då. Ett skatteavtal kan inte utvidga nationell rätt, vilket får effekt då Sverige inte heller genom skatteavtal kan beskatta begränsat skattskyldiga som tillfälligt arbetar i Sverige.

Ett förändrat arbetsgivarsynsätt medför förändringar vid tillämpning av 183-dagarsregeln i SINK. Med ett ekonomiskt arbetsgivarsynsätt är nyttan av avgörande betydelse för att fastställa den ekonomiska arbetsgivaren, jämfört med det formella arbetsgivarsynsättet där anställningsförhållandet har en avgörande betydelse. Anses den svenska arbetsgivaren vara ekonomisk arbetsgivare enligt 183-dagarsregeln vid gränsöverskridande arbete ska beskattning av arbetstagaren ske i Sverige enligt intern rätt, om ett förändrat synsätt införs. Ett ekonomiskt arbetsgivarsynsätt bidrar till att både källstaten och hemviststaten kan ha internrättsliga beskattningsanspråk på ersättningen. Dubbla beskattningsanspråk får lösas med hjälp av skatteavtal, i syfte att undvika att personen beskattas både i sin hemviststat och källstat.

Ett förändrat arbetsgivarsynsätt innebär en stor förändring för arbetstagares beskattning. För att uppnå en konkurrensneutral beskattning mellan inhemsk och inhyrd arbetskraft i Sverige, vilket det förändrade synsättet till stor del syftar till, krävs ytterligare utredning av förslaget innan ett ekonomiskt arbetsgivarsynsätt införs i svensk rätt. (Less)
Abstract
Sweden is one of few countries that apply a legal employer’s view when applying the 183-day rule. The Swedish 183-day rule is contained in the Income Tax Act (1991:586) for foreign residents, and states that foreign nationals shall be exempted from taxation if the requisition is fulfilled. The provision is implicated in the light of the 183-day rule in the OECD Model Tax Convention. The 183-day rule was introduced in the MTC in order to prevent taxation for short duration work in the source state. The absence of details is palpable in the MTC compared to national tax law. Since the word employer is not defined in the MTC and the 183-day rule contains two requisitions relating to the employer it is stated in the commentaries to the MTC that... (More)
Sweden is one of few countries that apply a legal employer’s view when applying the 183-day rule. The Swedish 183-day rule is contained in the Income Tax Act (1991:586) for foreign residents, and states that foreign nationals shall be exempted from taxation if the requisition is fulfilled. The provision is implicated in the light of the 183-day rule in the OECD Model Tax Convention. The 183-day rule was introduced in the MTC in order to prevent taxation for short duration work in the source state. The absence of details is palpable in the MTC compared to national tax law. Since the word employer is not defined in the MTC and the 183-day rule contains two requisitions relating to the employer it is stated in the commentaries to the MTC that it is up to national legislation to define the term. The MTC allows two interpretations of the term employer, a legal and an economic employer concept. Since Sweden applies a legal employer’s view of the application of the 183-day rule, Sweden forfeits the right to tax workers who temporarily work in Sweden. The legal employment relationship is crucial in assessing who is to be regarded as an employer and the hiring employer is often the one who signed a contract of employment with the employee. A tax treaty cannot extend national tax law. Sweden is therefore unable to tax temporary foreign workers, neither through national law nor by (international) tax treaties.

A proposal to switch to an economic employer approach will change the possibilities to tax workers who temporarily work in Sweden. With the economic approach, the employer is determined by whom the work is done for. If a worker who temporarily work in Sweden as a part of the integrated business the local employer in Sweden can be seen as the economic employer. This can be the case even if the legal employment relationship has been concluded between the foreign employer and the employee. If the Swedish employer is seen as the foreign workers economic employer the 183-day rule cannot be used. The rule requires that the employer is not domiciled in Sweden or has a permanent establishment in Sweden, which is not possible if the employer is a local business. Taxation of the employee shall be made in Sweden in the light of the main rule in SINK. A situation of double taxation can arise and get to be solved by an applicable tax treaty.

The economic employer approach entails a major change for employee taxation. The proposal requires further investigation before it is introduced to achieve the competition-neutral taxation the proposal aims at. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ingelberg, Sofia LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Who benefits from the work? - A tax law study on the introduction of an economic employer approach in Sweden at application of the 183-day rule
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, 183-dagarsregeln, ekonomisk arbetsgivare, formell arbetsgivare, dubbelbeskattning
language
Swedish
id
8964955
date added to LUP
2019-01-28 11:31:16
date last changed
2019-01-28 11:31:16
@misc{8964955,
  abstract     = {{Sweden is one of few countries that apply a legal employer’s view when applying the 183-day rule. The Swedish 183-day rule is contained in the Income Tax Act (1991:586) for foreign residents, and states that foreign nationals shall be exempted from taxation if the requisition is fulfilled. The provision is implicated in the light of the 183-day rule in the OECD Model Tax Convention. The 183-day rule was introduced in the MTC in order to prevent taxation for short duration work in the source state. The absence of details is palpable in the MTC compared to national tax law. Since the word employer is not defined in the MTC and the 183-day rule contains two requisitions relating to the employer it is stated in the commentaries to the MTC that it is up to national legislation to define the term. The MTC allows two interpretations of the term employer, a legal and an economic employer concept. Since Sweden applies a legal employer’s view of the application of the 183-day rule, Sweden forfeits the right to tax workers who temporarily work in Sweden. The legal employment relationship is crucial in assessing who is to be regarded as an employer and the hiring employer is often the one who signed a contract of employment with the employee. A tax treaty cannot extend national tax law. Sweden is therefore unable to tax temporary foreign workers, neither through national law nor by (international) tax treaties. 

A proposal to switch to an economic employer approach will change the possibilities to tax workers who temporarily work in Sweden. With the economic approach, the employer is determined by whom the work is done for. If a worker who temporarily work in Sweden as a part of the integrated business the local employer in Sweden can be seen as the economic employer. This can be the case even if the legal employment relationship has been concluded between the foreign employer and the employee. If the Swedish employer is seen as the foreign workers economic employer the 183-day rule cannot be used. The rule requires that the employer is not domiciled in Sweden or has a permanent establishment in Sweden, which is not possible if the employer is a local business. Taxation of the employee shall be made in Sweden in the light of the main rule in SINK. A situation of double taxation can arise and get to be solved by an applicable tax treaty. 

The economic employer approach entails a major change for employee taxation. The proposal requires further investigation before it is introduced to achieve the competition-neutral taxation the proposal aims at.}},
  author       = {{Ingelberg, Sofia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Vem drar nytta av arbetet? - En skatterättslig studie kring införandet av ett ekonomiskt arbetsgivarsynsätt i Sverige vid tillämpning av 183-dagarsregeln}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}