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Municipal Solid Waste Management in Informal Settlements – A multiple-case study of challenges and possibilities in the favelas and informal sector of Rio de Janeiro city

Bergman, Emma LU (2019) FMIM01 20191
Environmental and Energy Systems Studies
Abstract
Today, about one billion people in the world live in informal settlements and lack access to basic services and city infrastructure. In Rio de Janeiro, approximately 1,4 million people, one fourth of the city population, live in informal settlements, in Brazil called favelas. The insufficiency of the city’s waste services mainly manifests itself through accumulation of waste in public spaces in the favelas. A part of the waste management and recycling is carried out by waste pickers and waste pickers’ cooperatives. As of 2010, Brazilian law establishes systematic integration of their activities in the system to increase recycling. Contradictorily, the recycling rate only reaches about 1-2% of the generated waste in Rio de Janeiro, which... (More)
Today, about one billion people in the world live in informal settlements and lack access to basic services and city infrastructure. In Rio de Janeiro, approximately 1,4 million people, one fourth of the city population, live in informal settlements, in Brazil called favelas. The insufficiency of the city’s waste services mainly manifests itself through accumulation of waste in public spaces in the favelas. A part of the waste management and recycling is carried out by waste pickers and waste pickers’ cooperatives. As of 2010, Brazilian law establishes systematic integration of their activities in the system to increase recycling. Contradictorily, the recycling rate only reaches about 1-2% of the generated waste in Rio de Janeiro, which can be compared to cities in other developing countries where this number is 15-20%.
Therefore, the municipal solid waste (MSW) management and recycling system in the informal settlements of Rio de Janeiro are analyzed to identify main issues and, from a systems’ thinking perspective, suggest possible approaches to improve environmental protection and social inclusion in the system. The results are based on a multiple-case study with 10 participating community organizations and cooperatives in 7 different favelas. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and direct field observations.
The study identified non-compliance of manufacturers, distributors and importers as one of the main reasons for the low recycling rate. The withholding of investments from these actors causes operational difficulties for the cooperatives and, together with an oligopsony market with low prices, this leads to the impediment of social inclusion and loss of income for many urban poor. The study also identified that a lower educational level among the residents, bad habits and too few collection containers contribute to the large generation of waste in the streets. Above this, steep hills and criminality influence disposal and collection of waste. The biggest differences between the formal and informal parts of the city are the frequency and type of collection.
With the support from literature, approaches to mitigate the environmental effect after the accumulation of waste in the streets include clean-ups and improving the esthetics of the location. Approaches adapting to the circumstances of the current MSW and recycling system involve informal waste collection for community- adapted fees, door-to-door collection of recyclables in favelas and the creation of networks and partnerships within the informal sector. Pro-Poor Public-Private Partnership, where the local government employs favela residents to facilitate collection, fund cooperatives based on their specific needs and integrate them in the decision-making process, is recommended as approach for a larger systematic change. However, in the perspective of the widespread corruption in Brazil and slow development of the waste management system, the informal sector is urged to organize itself to join forces to improve the situation. The reliability and validity of the results could be increased by conducting more interviews, improving the interview and observation structures. Future research should focus on favela-specific improvement and the empowerment of cooperatives. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Idag bor cirka en miljard människor i världen i informella bosättningar och saknar tillgång till avfalls- och sanitetstjänster samt stadsinfrastruktur. I Rio de Janeiro bor cirka 1,4 miljoner människor, en fjärdedel av stadsbefolkningen, i informella bosättningar, eller favelor som det heter i Brasilien. Bristerna i stadens avfallshanteringssystem manifesterar sig huvudsakligen genom ansamling av avfall i offentliga utrymmen i favelorna. En del av avfallshanteringen och materialåtervinningen utförs av avfallsplockare och återvinningskooperativ. Sedan 2010 fastställer brasiliansk lag systematisk integrering av dessa aktiviteter i avfallssystemet för att öka återvinning. Motsägelsefullt når återvinningsgraden endast 1-2% av det genererade... (More)
Idag bor cirka en miljard människor i världen i informella bosättningar och saknar tillgång till avfalls- och sanitetstjänster samt stadsinfrastruktur. I Rio de Janeiro bor cirka 1,4 miljoner människor, en fjärdedel av stadsbefolkningen, i informella bosättningar, eller favelor som det heter i Brasilien. Bristerna i stadens avfallshanteringssystem manifesterar sig huvudsakligen genom ansamling av avfall i offentliga utrymmen i favelorna. En del av avfallshanteringen och materialåtervinningen utförs av avfallsplockare och återvinningskooperativ. Sedan 2010 fastställer brasiliansk lag systematisk integrering av dessa aktiviteter i avfallssystemet för att öka återvinning. Motsägelsefullt når återvinningsgraden endast 1-2% av det genererade avfallet i staden, som kan jämföras med städer i andra utvecklingsländer där siffran kan nå 20%.
Med anledning av detta analyseras i uppsatsen avfalls- och återvinningssystemet i de informella bosättningarna i Rio de Janeiro för att identifiera problem och föreslå möjliga angreppsmetoder för att minska inverkan på kringliggande miljö och förbättra social integration i systemet. Resultaten är baserade på en fallstudie med 10 deltagande samhällsorganisationer och kooperativ i 7 olika favelor. Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och fältobservationer.
Studien identifierade tillverkare, distributörer och importörer som en av de främsta orsakerna till den låga återvinningsgraden då de inte tar lagstadgat ansvar. Vägran till investeringar från dessa aktörer i systemet orsakar operativa svårigheter för återvinningskooperativen, och tillsammans med låga marknadspriser på materialet leder detta till hinder för social integration och inkomstgenerering för de mest marginaliserade i samhället. Vidare identifierade arbetet att en lägre utbildningsnivå bland invånarna, gamla vanor och för få insamlings-containrar bidrar till att avfall hamnar på gatorna och i naturen. Utöver detta påverkar både favelornas geografi och brottslighet insamling av avfallet.
Åtgärder för att i efterhand mildra eventuella miljöeffekter inkluderar clean-ups av avfall och förbättring av estetiken kring dessa områden. Andra metoder omfattar informell insamling av avfall för en områdesanpassad avgift, dörr-till-dörrinsamling av återvinningsbart material och skapandet av nätverk och partnerskap inom den informella sektorn. För en större systematisk förändring rekommenderas Pro-Poor Public Private Partnership konceptet, där kommunen anställer favela-invånare för att underlätta insamling av avfall samt finansiera kooperativ baserat individuella krav och integrera dessa aktörer i beslutsprocessen. Däremot, i perspektivet av den utbredda politiska och rättsliga korruptionen i Brasilien och den historiskt långsamma utvecklingen av avfallssystemet, uppmanas den informella sektorn att organisera sig för att förbättra situationen. Resultatens tillförlitlighet och giltighet hade ökat genom att ha mer strukturerade intervjuer och observationer och inkludera fler systemaktörer i studien. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på favela-specifik miljöförbättring, stärka kooperativ och resursåtervinning från organiskt avfall. (Less)
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author
Bergman, Emma LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Informal Settlements – A multiple-case study of challenges and possibilities in the favelas and informal sector of Rio de Janeiro city
course
FMIM01 20191
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
municipal solid waste management, informal settlement, favela, waste picker, recycling cooperative, environmental protection, social inclusion, Rio de Janeiro
report number
LUTFD2/TFEM-19/5150--SE + (1-92)
ISSN
1102-3651
language
English
id
8998685
date added to LUP
2019-12-18 12:40:26
date last changed
2019-12-18 12:40:26
@misc{8998685,
  abstract     = {{Today, about one billion people in the world live in informal settlements and lack access to basic services and city infrastructure. In Rio de Janeiro, approximately 1,4 million people, one fourth of the city population, live in informal settlements, in Brazil called favelas. The insufficiency of the city’s waste services mainly manifests itself through accumulation of waste in public spaces in the favelas. A part of the waste management and recycling is carried out by waste pickers and waste pickers’ cooperatives. As of 2010, Brazilian law establishes systematic integration of their activities in the system to increase recycling. Contradictorily, the recycling rate only reaches about 1-2% of the generated waste in Rio de Janeiro, which can be compared to cities in other developing countries where this number is 15-20%.
Therefore, the municipal solid waste (MSW) management and recycling system in the informal settlements of Rio de Janeiro are analyzed to identify main issues and, from a systems’ thinking perspective, suggest possible approaches to improve environmental protection and social inclusion in the system. The results are based on a multiple-case study with 10 participating community organizations and cooperatives in 7 different favelas. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and direct field observations.
The study identified non-compliance of manufacturers, distributors and importers as one of the main reasons for the low recycling rate. The withholding of investments from these actors causes operational difficulties for the cooperatives and, together with an oligopsony market with low prices, this leads to the impediment of social inclusion and loss of income for many urban poor. The study also identified that a lower educational level among the residents, bad habits and too few collection containers contribute to the large generation of waste in the streets. Above this, steep hills and criminality influence disposal and collection of waste. The biggest differences between the formal and informal parts of the city are the frequency and type of collection.
With the support from literature, approaches to mitigate the environmental effect after the accumulation of waste in the streets include clean-ups and improving the esthetics of the location. Approaches adapting to the circumstances of the current MSW and recycling system involve informal waste collection for community- adapted fees, door-to-door collection of recyclables in favelas and the creation of networks and partnerships within the informal sector. Pro-Poor Public-Private Partnership, where the local government employs favela residents to facilitate collection, fund cooperatives based on their specific needs and integrate them in the decision-making process, is recommended as approach for a larger systematic change. However, in the perspective of the widespread corruption in Brazil and slow development of the waste management system, the informal sector is urged to organize itself to join forces to improve the situation. The reliability and validity of the results could be increased by conducting more interviews, improving the interview and observation structures. Future research should focus on favela-specific improvement and the empowerment of cooperatives.}},
  author       = {{Bergman, Emma}},
  issn         = {{1102-3651}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Municipal Solid Waste Management in Informal Settlements – A multiple-case study of challenges and possibilities in the favelas and informal sector of Rio de Janeiro city}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}