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Barnets ställning under adoptionsinstitutets utveckling

Ramanauskaite, Gabija LU (2020) LAGF03 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen behandlar det adopterade barnets ställning inom adoptionsinstitutet genom dess förändring över tid. Adoptionsinstitutet har förändrats i takt med samhällsutvecklingen och lagstiftaren har tidvis försökt lösa samhällsproblem med hjälp av lagstiftningen. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur barnets ställning har förändrats tillsammans med adoptionslagstiftningen.

Adoption som ett institut reglerades första gången 1917 då det infördes som svensk lag. Tidigare hade människor använt sig av ättledning för att föra in ett oäkta barn i sin ätt. Barnen hade under 1900-talets början en mycket utsatt position eftersom de inte sågs som individer med egna rättigheter.
Föräldralösa barn levde på barnhem eller, om de hade tur, hos... (More)
Uppsatsen behandlar det adopterade barnets ställning inom adoptionsinstitutet genom dess förändring över tid. Adoptionsinstitutet har förändrats i takt med samhällsutvecklingen och lagstiftaren har tidvis försökt lösa samhällsproblem med hjälp av lagstiftningen. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur barnets ställning har förändrats tillsammans med adoptionslagstiftningen.

Adoption som ett institut reglerades första gången 1917 då det infördes som svensk lag. Tidigare hade människor använt sig av ättledning för att föra in ett oäkta barn i sin ätt. Barnen hade under 1900-talets början en mycket utsatt position eftersom de inte sågs som individer med egna rättigheter.
Föräldralösa barn levde på barnhem eller, om de hade tur, hos fosterfamiljer men samhället uppfattade dessa barn som ett orosmoment och belastning på samhället eftersom de utgjorde en ekonomisk påfrestning på samhället och de hade sämre förutsättningar i livet. Lagstiftningen 1917 var ett sätt att lösa dessa samhällsproblem och gav barnet en relativt stark ställning genom att tillförsäkra arvsrätt och ett visst skydd gällande hävningsmöjligheterna av adoptionsförhållandet.

Efter att ha haft ett någorlunda starkt skydd under 1920-talet ändrades detta genom en revidering 1944 som innebar att adoptanten fick utökade möjligheter till att upphäva adoptivförhållandet. Adoptivföräldrarnas behov och intressen sattes i första rummet på bekostnad av barnets. Adoptivbarn hamnade i en ännu mer utsatt position eftersom deras inställning till adoptionen inte hade någon nämnvärd betydelse samtidigt som adoptivförhållandet kunde upphävas relativt enkelt från adoptantens sida vilket skulle försätta barnet i en svår situation av socialt utanförskap.
De starka adoptionerna infördes under 1950-talet och gav adoptivbarn en starkare ställning genom att ganska långtgående jämställa dem med biologiska barn. Men eftersom hävningsmöjligheterna kvarstod behandlades adoptivbarnen fortfarande annorlunda och relationen kunde brytas utan några märkbara konsekvenser för adoptanterna. Vändningen kom 1970 då alla svaga adoptioner automatiskt omvandlades till starka och hävningsrätten togs bort helt. Barnrättsperspektivet hade då fått genomslag och adoptivbarn jämställdes rättsligt fullt ut med biologiska barn.

Barn har numera en stark ställning som egna rättssubjekt med egna specifika rättigheter som alltid måste respekteras och beaktas. Principen om barnets bästa har funnits med sedan den första lagstiftningen men beroende på tidens samhällsnormer och värderingar har fokus under större delen av tiden legat på föräldrarna och inte barnet. Med barnkonventionen som svensk lag har principen getts en bred innebörd och tillämpning och fokus ligger nu alltid på det enskilda barnet och dess unika situation. (Less)
Abstract
This thesis examines an adopted child’s status within the adoption institute through time. The adoption institute has changed in line with the development of society and the legislator have occasionally tried to solve problems occurring in the society with the help of legislation. The child’s status is dependent on society’s perception of children and the reign values in the general public.

The first Adoption Act was passed in 1917 in Sweden. However, adoption has old roots which originate from dynasties, where a biological child sometimes could be included in the dynasty through a similar process. In the beginning of the 2000th century children had a very vulnerable position because they were not perceived as individuals but an entity... (More)
This thesis examines an adopted child’s status within the adoption institute through time. The adoption institute has changed in line with the development of society and the legislator have occasionally tried to solve problems occurring in the society with the help of legislation. The child’s status is dependent on society’s perception of children and the reign values in the general public.

The first Adoption Act was passed in 1917 in Sweden. However, adoption has old roots which originate from dynasties, where a biological child sometimes could be included in the dynasty through a similar process. In the beginning of the 2000th century children had a very vulnerable position because they were not perceived as individuals but an entity in the family unit. There was a large amount of children living in orphanages which caused a financial strain on the state’s finances and people were concerned about these children and their future.

The first Adoption Act was referred to as “weak” adoption due to the fact that the adoption could be revoked and the child maintained a legal relationship with its biological parents. Though, the adoption was referred to as “weak” the child was still protected because of the right to inherit from the adoptive parent and the right to cancellation of the adoptive relationship. The child’s status took a turn in 1944 when an update was made to the Adoption Act. In 1944 the adoptive parents gained extended rights to cancel the adoptive relationship. Consequently, the child obtained a more vulnerable status because if the relationship was cancelled the child could end up being excluded from society.

During the 1950’s a “strong” adoption was introduced and therefore the legal ties to the biological family was cut. When the adoption institute was first introduced adoption was a solution to the state’s financial problems but in the 50s it became an alternative way to build a family. The child became more incorporated into the adoptive family and the child gained a more prominent role in the adoption process but it was still not treated as an individual with specific rights.

In the 1970s all earlier “weak” adoptions automatically converted into “strong”. The legislator wanted adoption to legally resemble a biological parenthood, therefore the adopted children obtained extensive rights to inherit from the adoptive family and the right to cancellation was revoked for both parties. The child was seen as an individual with rights and opinions that had to be respected and taken into account.

The contemporary Adoption Act prioritizes the interest of the individual child rather than any other wish or need parents or other interests may have. Children are now seen as a legal entity with own individual rights which shall always be respected in measures concerning a child as an individual or as a group. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ramanauskaite, Gabija LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20201
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Adoption, Barnets bästa
language
Swedish
id
9010456
date added to LUP
2020-09-21 13:51:58
date last changed
2020-09-21 13:51:58
@misc{9010456,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines an adopted child’s status within the adoption institute through time. The adoption institute has changed in line with the development of society and the legislator have occasionally tried to solve problems occurring in the society with the help of legislation. The child’s status is dependent on society’s perception of children and the reign values in the general public. 

The first Adoption Act was passed in 1917 in Sweden. However, adoption has old roots which originate from dynasties, where a biological child sometimes could be included in the dynasty through a similar process. In the beginning of the 2000th century children had a very vulnerable position because they were not perceived as individuals but an entity in the family unit. There was a large amount of children living in orphanages which caused a financial strain on the state’s finances and people were concerned about these children and their future. 

The first Adoption Act was referred to as “weak” adoption due to the fact that the adoption could be revoked and the child maintained a legal relationship with its biological parents. Though, the adoption was referred to as “weak” the child was still protected because of the right to inherit from the adoptive parent and the right to cancellation of the adoptive relationship. The child’s status took a turn in 1944 when an update was made to the Adoption Act. In 1944 the adoptive parents gained extended rights to cancel the adoptive relationship. Consequently, the child obtained a more vulnerable status because if the relationship was cancelled the child could end up being excluded from society. 

During the 1950’s a “strong” adoption was introduced and therefore the legal ties to the biological family was cut. When the adoption institute was first introduced adoption was a solution to the state’s financial problems but in the 50s it became an alternative way to build a family. The child became more incorporated into the adoptive family and the child gained a more prominent role in the adoption process but it was still not treated as an individual with specific rights. 

In the 1970s all earlier “weak” adoptions automatically converted into “strong”. The legislator wanted adoption to legally resemble a biological parenthood, therefore the adopted children obtained extensive rights to inherit from the adoptive family and the right to cancellation was revoked for both parties. The child was seen as an individual with rights and opinions that had to be respected and taken into account. 

The contemporary Adoption Act prioritizes the interest of the individual child rather than any other wish or need parents or other interests may have. Children are now seen as a legal entity with own individual rights which shall always be respected in measures concerning a child as an individual or as a group.}},
  author       = {{Ramanauskaite, Gabija}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Barnets ställning under adoptionsinstitutets utveckling}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}