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Bevisvärdering vid våldtäkt - en analys av balkongmetodens tillämpning i våldtäktsmål

Akbari, Ayub LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I rättegångsbalken finns den fria bevisprövningen stadgad. Princip innebär att all bevisning som parterna kan få fram är som utgångspunkt tillåtlig och värdet av den bevisningen får prövas fritt. Att bevisprövningen ska vara fri innebär att domstolen inte är bunden av några legala regler eller normer. Högsta domstolen har emellertid utvecklat en bevisprövningsmetod som vuxit fram och tillämpas alltjämt i våldtäktsmål. I NJA 2015 s. 702 (balkongmålet) redogör HD för sin metod, till vilken de anför ska tillämpas med försiktighet och urskillning. Även om metoden har vuxit fram som en allmän modell för bevisprövningen så är den inte utan brister. Trots dessa brister hindrar det inte underinstanserna från att frekvent tillämpa metoden.

I... (More)
I rättegångsbalken finns den fria bevisprövningen stadgad. Princip innebär att all bevisning som parterna kan få fram är som utgångspunkt tillåtlig och värdet av den bevisningen får prövas fritt. Att bevisprövningen ska vara fri innebär att domstolen inte är bunden av några legala regler eller normer. Högsta domstolen har emellertid utvecklat en bevisprövningsmetod som vuxit fram och tillämpas alltjämt i våldtäktsmål. I NJA 2015 s. 702 (balkongmålet) redogör HD för sin metod, till vilken de anför ska tillämpas med försiktighet och urskillning. Även om metoden har vuxit fram som en allmän modell för bevisprövningen så är den inte utan brister. Trots dessa brister hindrar det inte underinstanserna från att frekvent tillämpa metoden.

I våldtäktsmål är bevisningen ofta sådan som lägger stort fokus på parternas berättelser. Den praxis som utvecklats i våldtäktsmål på senare tid behandlade i stort sett en utsageanalys som syftade till att visa på styrkor och svagheter hos en utsaga. Med hjälp av vissa kriterier bedöms om det talar för att den är sann eller inte. Våldtäkter har genom den senare ändringen i lagen skiftat fokus från att föra bevisning kring det som tidigare var tillvägagångssätt vid våldtäkter, våld och hot, till att kreta kring frivilligheten. Eftersom rekvisitet ändrats och därmed rättsfaktan, skulle en naturlig konsekvens således vara att bevisfaktan ändras. Huruvida det är den konsekvens som skett i praktiken kommer att diskuteras i uppsatsen.

Uppsatsen syftar till att belysa balkongmetodens tillämpning i våldtäktsmål - dess styrkor och svagheter. Vidare lyftes en rad rättsfall upp för att tydliggöra hur metoden tillämpas i praktiken. Det finns sedan tidigare två metoder, men som dock inte fått samma betydelse som balkongmetoden. Hypotesmetoden som Christian Diesen var en förespråkare för är även en tredje metod som fortfarande är aktuell då den har sin utgångspunkt i beviskravet i brottmål - ställt utom rimligt tvivel. En viktig distinktion görs då balkongmetoden snarare är ett flödesschema och inte metod i samma bemärkelse som de tidigare ”rena” bevisvärderingsmetoderna. (Less)
Abstract
In the Code of Judicial Procedure, the free examination of evidence is stipulated as a principle where all evidence that the parties can obtain is permissible and the value of that evidence is examined freely. The fact that the examination of evidence must be free means that the court is not bound by any legal rules or norms. However, the Supreme Court has developed a method of reviewing evidence that has developed and is applied mainly in rape cases. In NJA 2015 p. 702, the Supreme Court describes its method, to which they state that it must be applied with caution and discernment. Although the method has developed as a general model for the examination of evidence, it is not without shortcomings. Despite these shortcomings, the lower... (More)
In the Code of Judicial Procedure, the free examination of evidence is stipulated as a principle where all evidence that the parties can obtain is permissible and the value of that evidence is examined freely. The fact that the examination of evidence must be free means that the court is not bound by any legal rules or norms. However, the Supreme Court has developed a method of reviewing evidence that has developed and is applied mainly in rape cases. In NJA 2015 p. 702, the Supreme Court describes its method, to which they state that it must be applied with caution and discernment. Although the method has developed as a general model for the examination of evidence, it is not without shortcomings. Despite these shortcomings, the lower court instances do not prevent the frequent application of the method.

In rape cases, the evidence often places great focus on the parties' stories. The practice that has developed in rape cases in recent times has largely dealt with a statement analysis that aimed to show the strengths and weaknesses of a statement. And thus, assess with certain criteria whether this indicates if it is true or not. Through the recent amendment to the law, rape has also shifted its focus from presenting evidence about what was previously the course of action to rape, violence and threats, to revolving around volunteering. Since the necessary prerequisite have changed and thus the legal fact, a natural consequence would thus be that the evidentiary fact changes. Whether this is the consequence that has taken place in practice will be discussed in the essay.

The essay aims to shed light on the application of the balconymethod in rape cases – and discuss its strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, a number of legal cases were raised to clarify how the method is applied in practice. There are already methods of evaluating evidence, but these have not gained the same significance as the balcony method. The hypothesis method that Christian Diesen was an advocate for is also a third method that is still relevant as it has its starting point in the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases - beyond reasonable doubt. An important distinction is made as the balcony method is rather a flow chart and not a method in the same sense as the previous “pure” evidence evaluation methods. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Akbari, Ayub LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The evaluation of evidence in rape cases - an analysis of the balconycase in rape cases
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, processrätt
language
Swedish
id
9034354
date added to LUP
2021-01-25 11:11:11
date last changed
2021-01-25 11:11:11
@misc{9034354,
  abstract     = {{In the Code of Judicial Procedure, the free examination of evidence is stipulated as a principle where all evidence that the parties can obtain is permissible and the value of that evidence is examined freely. The fact that the examination of evidence must be free means that the court is not bound by any legal rules or norms. However, the Supreme Court has developed a method of reviewing evidence that has developed and is applied mainly in rape cases. In NJA 2015 p. 702, the Supreme Court describes its method, to which they state that it must be applied with caution and discernment. Although the method has developed as a general model for the examination of evidence, it is not without shortcomings. Despite these shortcomings, the lower court instances do not prevent the frequent application of the method.

In rape cases, the evidence often places great focus on the parties' stories. The practice that has developed in rape cases in recent times has largely dealt with a statement analysis that aimed to show the strengths and weaknesses of a statement. And thus, assess with certain criteria whether this indicates if it is true or not. Through the recent amendment to the law, rape has also shifted its focus from presenting evidence about what was previously the course of action to rape, violence and threats, to revolving around volunteering. Since the necessary prerequisite have changed and thus the legal fact, a natural consequence would thus be that the evidentiary fact changes. Whether this is the consequence that has taken place in practice will be discussed in the essay.

The essay aims to shed light on the application of the balconymethod in rape cases – and discuss its strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, a number of legal cases were raised to clarify how the method is applied in practice. There are already methods of evaluating evidence, but these have not gained the same significance as the balcony method. The hypothesis method that Christian Diesen was an advocate for is also a third method that is still relevant as it has its starting point in the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases - beyond reasonable doubt. An important distinction is made as the balcony method is rather a flow chart and not a method in the same sense as the previous “pure” evidence evaluation methods.}},
  author       = {{Akbari, Ayub}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Bevisvärdering vid våldtäkt - en analys av balkongmetodens tillämpning i våldtäktsmål}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}