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Vid sidan av avtalslagen - en undersökning av speciell ställningsfullmakt i rättspraxis

Knutsson, Carl LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Avtalslagens ålderdomliga regler om fullmakt ger ingen uttömmande reglering av de fullmaktstyper som förekommer i det moderna svenska samhället. Vid sidan av avtalslagen har nya praxisgrundande fullmaktstyper utvecklats i syfte att tillgodose tredje mans skyddsintresse. Med utgångspunkt i den allmänna ställningsfullmakten har Högsta domstolen (HD) etablerat den speciella ställningsfullmakten. Kravet på att mellanmannens behörighet ska följa av lag eller sedvänja har åsidosatts, och HD har funnit stöd för mellanmannens behörighet i andra omständigheter. Den speciella ställningsfullmakten förekommer i tre olika former.

Den så kallade toleransfullmakten bygger på att huvudmannen utan att ingripa tolererat en mellanmans rättshandlingar,... (More)
Avtalslagens ålderdomliga regler om fullmakt ger ingen uttömmande reglering av de fullmaktstyper som förekommer i det moderna svenska samhället. Vid sidan av avtalslagen har nya praxisgrundande fullmaktstyper utvecklats i syfte att tillgodose tredje mans skyddsintresse. Med utgångspunkt i den allmänna ställningsfullmakten har Högsta domstolen (HD) etablerat den speciella ställningsfullmakten. Kravet på att mellanmannens behörighet ska följa av lag eller sedvänja har åsidosatts, och HD har funnit stöd för mellanmannens behörighet i andra omständigheter. Den speciella ställningsfullmakten förekommer i tre olika former.

Den så kallade toleransfullmakten bygger på att huvudmannen utan att ingripa tolererat en mellanmans rättshandlingar, varefter tredje man fått ett befogat intryck av mellanmannens behörighet. Vid kombinationsfullmakt består tredje mans befogade intryck av mellanmannens behörighet i en kombination av omständigheter som härrör från huvudmannen. Vid tillitsfullmakt förutsätter avtalsbundenhet att tredje man hyst befogad tillit till mellanmannens behörighet, och att de omständigheter som skapat den befogade tilliten härrör från huvudmannen. Huvudmannen ska även ha haft insikt om att dessa omständigheter skulle kunna föranleda tredje man att hysa befogad tillit till att mellanmannen haft behörighet att företräda huvudmannen.

De olika formerna av speciell ställningsfullmakt präglas av oklarheter. Fullmaktsformerna har inga rekvisit och det är svårt att avgränsa deras tillämpningsområden. Trots att fullmaktsformerna liknar varandra finns det skäl att göra en distinktion mellan dem. Toleransfullmakten avviker från kombinations- och tillitsfullmakten eftersom mellanmannens behörighet enbart kan härledas ur huvudmannens tolerans. Kombinations- och tillitsfullmakten påminner starkt om varandra och utgår bägge från en kombination av omständigheter som ger tredje man intryck av mellanmannens behörighet. Dessa omständigheter måste även vid bägge fullmaktstyperna härröra från huvudmannen.

De olika formerna av speciell ställningsfullmakt har dessutom varierande förankring i vilje- och tillitsteorierna. Toleransfullmakten präglas av viljehänsyn medan kombinations- och tillitsfullmakten i större utsträckning utgår från tillitshänsyn. Det råder en förvirring kring om de olika formerna av speciell ställningsfullmakt fortfarande bör tillämpas, viket främst syns i underrätts- praxis. En förvirring i begreppsbildningen motiverar även att samla tolerans, kombinations- och tillitsfullmakten under begreppet speciell ställningsfullmakt. (Less)
Abstract
The archaic Swedish Contracts Act does not provide an exhaustive regulation of the types of power of attorney that exist in the modern Swedish society. As a result of court practice, new types of power of attorney have been developed in order to satisfy the protection interest of third parties. Based on the power of position, the Supreme Court has established the so-called special power of attorney. The power of positions requirement that the intermediary's competence must follow from law or custom has been disregarded, and the Supreme Court has found support for the intermediary's competence in other circumstances. The special power of attorney comes in three different forms.

The so-called tolerance power of attorney is based on that... (More)
The archaic Swedish Contracts Act does not provide an exhaustive regulation of the types of power of attorney that exist in the modern Swedish society. As a result of court practice, new types of power of attorney have been developed in order to satisfy the protection interest of third parties. Based on the power of position, the Supreme Court has established the so-called special power of attorney. The power of positions requirement that the intermediary's competence must follow from law or custom has been disregarded, and the Supreme Court has found support for the intermediary's competence in other circumstances. The special power of attorney comes in three different forms.

The so-called tolerance power of attorney is based on that the principal, without intervening, tolerates an intermediary's legal acts, after which a third party receives a legitimate impression of the intermediary's competence. In the case of a combination power of attorney, the third party’s justified impression derives from a combination of circumstances arising from the principal. In the case of a trust power of attorney, a binding agreement presupposes that a third party has a legitimate trust in the intermediary's competence, and that the circumstances that created the justified trust derive from the principal. The principal must also have had insight that these circumstances could cause a third party to have legitimate trust that the intermediary had the authority to represent the principal.

The various forms of special power of attorney are characterized by ambiguities. They do not have any necessary prerequisites, and it is difficult to determine their areas of application. Although the various forms of special power of attorney are similar, there are reasons to make a distinction between them. The tolerance power of attorney deviates from the combination and trust power of attorney because the intermediary's authority can only derive from the principal's tolerance. The combination and trust power of attorney have mutual features and are both based on a combination of circumstances that give a third party the impression of the intermediary's authority. In the case of both combination and trust power of attorney, these circumstances must also derive from the principal.

The various forms of special power of attorney also enjoy varying support in the theories of will and trust. The tolerance power of attorney is characterized by declaration of intent, while the combination and trust power of attorney is based on trust considerations. There is confusion about whether the various forms of special power of attorney should continue to be applied, which is mainly seen in lower court practice. A confusion in the formation of concepts also justifies gathering the tolerance, combination and trust power of attorney under the concept of special power of attorney. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Knutsson, Carl LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
In addition to the Contracts Act - a case law examination on special power of attorney
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
avtalsrätt, fullmaktsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9046225
date added to LUP
2021-06-16 14:42:36
date last changed
2021-06-16 14:42:36
@misc{9046225,
  abstract     = {{The archaic Swedish Contracts Act does not provide an exhaustive regulation of the types of power of attorney that exist in the modern Swedish society. As a result of court practice, new types of power of attorney have been developed in order to satisfy the protection interest of third parties. Based on the power of position, the Supreme Court has established the so-called special power of attorney. The power of positions requirement that the intermediary's competence must follow from law or custom has been disregarded, and the Supreme Court has found support for the intermediary's competence in other circumstances. The special power of attorney comes in three different forms. 

The so-called tolerance power of attorney is based on that the principal, without intervening, tolerates an intermediary's legal acts, after which a third party receives a legitimate impression of the intermediary's competence. In the case of a combination power of attorney, the third party’s justified impression derives from a combination of circumstances arising from the principal. In the case of a trust power of attorney, a binding agreement presupposes that a third party has a legitimate trust in the intermediary's competence, and that the circumstances that created the justified trust derive from the principal. The principal must also have had insight that these circumstances could cause a third party to have legitimate trust that the intermediary had the authority to represent the principal.

The various forms of special power of attorney are characterized by ambiguities. They do not have any necessary prerequisites, and it is difficult to determine their areas of application. Although the various forms of special power of attorney are similar, there are reasons to make a distinction between them. The tolerance power of attorney deviates from the combination and trust power of attorney because the intermediary's authority can only derive from the principal's tolerance. The combination and trust power of attorney have mutual features and are both based on a combination of circumstances that give a third party the impression of the intermediary's authority. In the case of both combination and trust power of attorney, these circumstances must also derive from the principal.

The various forms of special power of attorney also enjoy varying support in the theories of will and trust. The tolerance power of attorney is characterized by declaration of intent, while the combination and trust power of attorney is based on trust considerations. There is confusion about whether the various forms of special power of attorney should continue to be applied, which is mainly seen in lower court practice. A confusion in the formation of concepts also justifies gathering the tolerance, combination and trust power of attorney under the concept of special power of attorney.}},
  author       = {{Knutsson, Carl}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Vid sidan av avtalslagen - en undersökning av speciell ställningsfullmakt i rättspraxis}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}