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Bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp - En kartläggning av den svenska strafflagstiftningen avseende integritetskränkande smygfotografering och spridande av privata sexuella bilder utan den avbildades samtycke

Andersson, Catharina LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Den tekniska utvecklingen har ändrat hur människor kommunicerar med och om varandra. Den har också fört med sig nya former av övergrepp, däribland så kallade bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp. Begreppet bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp innefattar alla former av framställande och/eller spridande av privata, sexuella bilder utan samtycke från den avbildade. Exempel på sådana övergrepp är ”hämndporr”, smygfotografering, upskirting och hot om att sprida nakenbilder. Denna uppsats fokuserar på framställandet av privata, sexuella bilder utan samtycke genom smygfotografering samt spridandet av privata, sexuella bilder utan den avbildades samtycke, oavsett om bilden som sprids är framställd med eller utan samtycke. Syftet är att undersöka i vilken... (More)
Den tekniska utvecklingen har ändrat hur människor kommunicerar med och om varandra. Den har också fört med sig nya former av övergrepp, däribland så kallade bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp. Begreppet bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp innefattar alla former av framställande och/eller spridande av privata, sexuella bilder utan samtycke från den avbildade. Exempel på sådana övergrepp är ”hämndporr”, smygfotografering, upskirting och hot om att sprida nakenbilder. Denna uppsats fokuserar på framställandet av privata, sexuella bilder utan samtycke genom smygfotografering samt spridandet av privata, sexuella bilder utan den avbildades samtycke, oavsett om bilden som sprids är framställd med eller utan samtycke. Syftet är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det i svensk rätt är kriminaliserat att framställa eller sprida sådana bilder. Syftet är vidare att synliggöra eventuella luckor och gränsdragningsproblem i lagstiftningen.

Uppsatsen tar avstamp i forskning om bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp och idén om det sexuella våldets kontinuum. Utgångspunkter i uppsatsen är att bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp är ett jämställdhetsproblem och att sexuellt våld är ett uttryck för patriarkala strukturer. Bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp bygger på idén om det sexuella våldets kontinuum och utgör ett kontinuum (det vill säga en kontinuerlig serie) av könade, sexualiserade kränkningar som alla har gemensamma nämnare och som lätt uppfattats som olika fenomen.

I svensk rätt finns inget enskilt lagrum som reglerar bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp, utan lagstiftningen är utspridd över brottsbalkens (BrB) kapitel. De lagrum som presenteras i uppsatsen är i förhållande till framställandet: kränkande fotografering (4 kap. 6 a § BrB), ofredande (4 kap. 7 § BrB) och sexuellt ofredande (6 kap. 10 § BrB). I förhållande till spridandet rör det sig om förtal och grovt förtal (5 kap. 1–2 §§ BrB), olaga integritetsintrång (4 kap. 6 c–d §§ BrB), ofredande (4 kap. 7 § BrB) och sexuellt ofredande (6 kap. 10 § BrB).

I uppsatsens nås slutsatsen att den svenska lagstiftningen i nuläget inte förmår att fullt ut hantera komplexiteten som smygfotografering och spridning av dessa typer av bilder innebär. Utifrån teorierna om bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp samt det sexuella våldets kontinuum konstateras lagstiftningen vara bristfällig, bland annat på så sätt att den inte utgår från de kränkning som de utsatta (oftast kvinnor) upplever. Bestämmelserna träffar vidare vissa former av bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp men lämnar vissa situationer oreglerade. (Less)
Abstract
Technological developments have changed the way people communicate with and about each other. It has also brought with it new forms of abuse, including so-called image-based sexual abuse. Image-based sexual abuse includes all forms of creation and / or distribution of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted. Examples of such abuse is “revenge porn”, stealth photography, upskirting and threats to distribute private, sexual images. This thesis focuses on the creation of private, sexual images without consent through surreptitious photography and the distribution of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted, regardless of whether the distributed image is created with or without consent. The... (More)
Technological developments have changed the way people communicate with and about each other. It has also brought with it new forms of abuse, including so-called image-based sexual abuse. Image-based sexual abuse includes all forms of creation and / or distribution of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted. Examples of such abuse is “revenge porn”, stealth photography, upskirting and threats to distribute private, sexual images. This thesis focuses on the creation of private, sexual images without consent through surreptitious photography and the distribution of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted, regardless of whether the distributed image is created with or without consent. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the extent to which it is criminalized to create or distribute such private, sexual images without consent. Further, the purpose is to make visible any gaps and demarcation problems that exist in current legislation.

The thesis is based on research on image-based sexual abuse and the idea of the continuum of sexual violence. The premise of the thesis is that image-based sexual abuse is a gender equality problem and that sexual violence is an expression of patriarchal structures. The concept of image-based abuse builds on the idea of the continuum of sexual violence and constitutes a continuum (that is, a continuous series) of gendered, sexualized violations that all have common denominators and that link violations that are otherwise easily perceived as different phenomena.

In Swedish law, there is no single legal provision that regulates image-based sexual abuse, but the legislation is spread out over the chapters of the Swedish Criminal Code (BrB). The law presented in the thesis is, in relation to the production of private, sexual images without consent, offensive photography (Chapter 4, Section 6 a BrB), harassment (Chapter 4, Section 7 BrB) and sexual harassment (Chapter 6, Section 10 BrB). In relation to the distribution of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted, law presented is defamation and gross defamation (Chapter 5, Sections 1–2 BrB), unlawful invasion of privacy (Chapter 4, Sections 6 c–d BrB), harassment (Chapter 4, Section 7 BrB) and sexual harassment (Chapter 6, Section 10 BrB).

The thesis' conclusion is that the Swedish criminal law at present does not manage to fully handle the complexity that stealth photography and dissemination of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted entails. Based on the theories of image-based sexual abuse and the continuum of sexual violence, the legislation is found to be deficient in such a way that it is not based on the abuse that the victims (usually women) experience. The regulations also apply only to some forms of image-based sexual abuse but leave other situations unregulated. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Andersson, Catharina LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Image-based sexual abuse
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt
language
Swedish
id
9064360
date added to LUP
2021-09-22 12:13:05
date last changed
2021-09-22 12:13:05
@misc{9064360,
  abstract     = {{Technological developments have changed the way people communicate with and about each other. It has also brought with it new forms of abuse, including so-called image-based sexual abuse. Image-based sexual abuse includes all forms of creation and / or distribution of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted. Examples of such abuse is “revenge porn”, stealth photography, upskirting and threats to distribute private, sexual images. This thesis focuses on the creation of private, sexual images without consent through surreptitious photography and the distribution of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted, regardless of whether the distributed image is created with or without consent. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the extent to which it is criminalized to create or distribute such private, sexual images without consent. Further, the purpose is to make visible any gaps and demarcation problems that exist in current legislation.

The thesis is based on research on image-based sexual abuse and the idea of the continuum of sexual violence. The premise of the thesis is that image-based sexual abuse is a gender equality problem and that sexual violence is an expression of patriarchal structures. The concept of image-based abuse builds on the idea of the continuum of sexual violence and constitutes a continuum (that is, a continuous series) of gendered, sexualized violations that all have common denominators and that link violations that are otherwise easily perceived as different phenomena.

In Swedish law, there is no single legal provision that regulates image-based sexual abuse, but the legislation is spread out over the chapters of the Swedish Criminal Code (BrB). The law presented in the thesis is, in relation to the production of private, sexual images without consent, offensive photography (Chapter 4, Section 6 a BrB), harassment (Chapter 4, Section 7 BrB) and sexual harassment (Chapter 6, Section 10 BrB). In relation to the distribution of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted, law presented is defamation and gross defamation (Chapter 5, Sections 1–2 BrB), unlawful invasion of privacy (Chapter 4, Sections 6 c–d BrB), harassment (Chapter 4, Section 7 BrB) and sexual harassment (Chapter 6, Section 10 BrB).

The thesis' conclusion is that the Swedish criminal law at present does not manage to fully handle the complexity that stealth photography and dissemination of private, sexual images without the consent of the person depicted entails. Based on the theories of image-based sexual abuse and the continuum of sexual violence, the legislation is found to be deficient in such a way that it is not based on the abuse that the victims (usually women) experience. The regulations also apply only to some forms of image-based sexual abuse but leave other situations unregulated.}},
  author       = {{Andersson, Catharina}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Bildbaserade sexuella övergrepp - En kartläggning av den svenska strafflagstiftningen avseende integritetskränkande smygfotografering och spridande av privata sexuella bilder utan den avbildades samtycke}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}