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Lån med elektronisk underskrift. En undersökning av bevisbördans placering vid invändning om obehörig användning - särskilt i ljuset av Högsta domstolens avgörande i NJA 2017 s. 1105.

Isaksson Osmo, Jakob LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
In the court case NJA 2017 p. 1105, the Swedish Supreme Court has considered the question of the placement of the burden of proof in a situation where the holder of an advanced electronic signature objected that the signature had been used unauthorizedly by another person to sign an electronic loan commitment. The purpose of the essay is to clarify and provide an understanding of the current burden of proof rule. The purpose of the essay also includes providing an understanding of how the current burden of proof rule relates to previous practice regarding the placement of the burden of proof in the event of an objection of forgery of signature.

In the court case NJA 1976 p. 667, the Swedish Supreme Court has stated that a creditor, in... (More)
In the court case NJA 2017 p. 1105, the Swedish Supreme Court has considered the question of the placement of the burden of proof in a situation where the holder of an advanced electronic signature objected that the signature had been used unauthorizedly by another person to sign an electronic loan commitment. The purpose of the essay is to clarify and provide an understanding of the current burden of proof rule. The purpose of the essay also includes providing an understanding of how the current burden of proof rule relates to previous practice regarding the placement of the burden of proof in the event of an objection of forgery of signature.

In the court case NJA 1976 p. 667, the Swedish Supreme Court has stated that a creditor, in the event of a debtor's objection to forgery of signature relating to receipt, that the creditor should make the debtor's signature predominantly probable. The burden of proof rule has been applied in some court of appeal decisions, including in the case of an objection of forgery of signature regarding a written guarantee and promissory note. Burden of proof rules apply only to legal facts. The question regarding who has written a signature on a written proof of claim, such as a receipt or a promissory note, is not a legal fact. The starting point is therefore that a burden of proof rule should not apply to an objection of forgery of signature. One interpretation of the court decisions is that the question of the authenticity of the debtor's signature has been regarded as a presumptive fact in a presumption of proof rule and that the legal consequence has been that loan has been presumed.

In the case NJA 2017 p. 1105, the Swedish Supreme Court has stated that if a holder of an advanced electronic signature raises an objection of unauthorized use of the signature, the assessment shall take place in two stages. It must first be examined whether it is the signature in question that has been used. After that, it must be examined whether it is the debtor who used the signature. Since the question of who used the electronic signature is not a legal fact, a burden of proof rule as a starting point should not be applied. One interpretation of the case is that the Supreme Court applied a presumption of evidence rule. The rule in question can be described as follows. As a first step, the creditor shall demonstrate that the technical solution used to sign the contract corresponds to the creation of an advanced electronic signature. If the creditor satisfies his burden of proof regarding that circumstance, the signature is presumed to have been created by identification with the debtor's personal code. In the next step, the debtor must make it presumed that there has been unauthorized use of the electronic signature. If the debtor satisfies his burden of proof in relation to that fact, there is deemed to be no claim relationship between the parties. If the debtor does not meet his burden of proof in relation to that fact, it is presumed that there is a claim relationship between the parties.

The Swedish Supreme Court's burden of proof rule in the case NJA 2017 p. 1105 can be justified from a purpose perspective. If the creditor had the burden of proving the non-use of unauthorized use, it would likely have had a negative impact on the electronic signature system as a whole and would likely reduce the willingness of creditors to provide credit.

The burden of proof rule can also be justified from the perspective of securing evidence. In the present situation, a creditor is able to secure evidence that a particular electronic signature was used to sign an electronic contract, but is unable to secure evidence of circumstances suggesting that there has been no unauthorized use of the electronic signature. It is the holder of the electronic signature who has knowledge of, among other things, which persons had access to the security code, in which places the code has been stored and other circumstances that indicate that unauthorized use occurred. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Högsta domstolen har i rättsfallet ”Låneavtalet med 4Finance” – NJA 2017 s. 1105 prövat frågan om bevisbördans placering i en situation då innehavaren av en avancerad elektronisk underskrift invände att underskriften hade använts obehörigen av en annan person för att underteckna en elektronisk låneförbindelse. Uppsatsens syfte är att klarlägga och ge förståelse för den aktuella bevisbörderegeln. Uppsatsens syfte omfattar även att ge förståelse för hur den aktuella bevisbörderegeln förhåller sig till tidigare praxis avseende bevisbördans placering vid invändning om underskriftsförfalskning.

Högsta domstolen har i rättsfallet ”J och kvittot” – NJA 1976 s. 667 uttalat att en borgenär, vid en gäldenärs invändning om underskriftsförfalskning... (More)
Högsta domstolen har i rättsfallet ”Låneavtalet med 4Finance” – NJA 2017 s. 1105 prövat frågan om bevisbördans placering i en situation då innehavaren av en avancerad elektronisk underskrift invände att underskriften hade använts obehörigen av en annan person för att underteckna en elektronisk låneförbindelse. Uppsatsens syfte är att klarlägga och ge förståelse för den aktuella bevisbörderegeln. Uppsatsens syfte omfattar även att ge förståelse för hur den aktuella bevisbörderegeln förhåller sig till tidigare praxis avseende bevisbördans placering vid invändning om underskriftsförfalskning.

Högsta domstolen har i rättsfallet ”J och kvittot” – NJA 1976 s. 667 uttalat att en borgenär, vid en gäldenärs invändning om underskriftsförfalskning avseende kvitto, att borgenären ska göra gäldenärens namnteckning övervägande sannolik. Bevisbörderegeln har tillämpats i några hovrättsavgöranden, bland annat vid invändning om underskriftsförfalskning avseende skriftlig borgensförbindelse och skuldebrev. Bevisbörderegler tillämpas endast på rättsfakta. Frågan om vem som skrivit en namnteckning på ett skriftligt fordringsbevis, exempelvis ett kvitto eller ett skuldebrev, är inte ett rättsfaktum. Utgångspunkten är därför att en bevisbörderegel inte ska tillämpas vid invändning om underskriftsförfalskning. En tolkning av avgörandena är att frågan om äktheten av gäldenärens namnteckning betraktats som en presumtionsgrundande omständighet i en bevispresumtionsregel och att rättsföljden varit att försträckning presumerats.

Högsta domstolen har i rättsfallet NJA 2017 s. 1105 uttalat att om en innehavare av en avancerad elektronisk underskrift gör en invändning om obehörig användning av underskriften ska bedömningen ske i två steg. Det ska först prövas om det är den aktuella underskriften som har använts. Därefter ska det prövas om det är gäldenären som använt underskriften. Eftersom frågan om vem som använt den elektroniska underskriften inte är ett rättsfaktum ska en bevisbörderegel som utgångspunkt inte tillämpas. En tolkning av rättsfallet är att Högsta domstolen tillämpat en bevispresumtionsregel. Den aktuella regeln kan beskrivas enligt följande. I ett första steg ska borgenären visa att den tekniska lösning som använts för att underteckna kontraktet motsvarar skapandet av en avancerad elektronisk underskrift. Om borgenären uppfyller sin bevisbörda beträffande den omständigheten presumeras underskriften ha skapats genom identifiering med gäldenärens personliga kod, exempelvis säkerhetskoden till BankID eller den personliga koden till en så kallad bankdosa. I nästa steg ska gäldenären göra det antagligt att obehörig användning av den elektroniska underskriften förekommit. Om gäldenären uppfyller sin bevisbörda beträffande den omständigheten anses det inte föreligga något fordringsförhållande mellan parterna. Om gäldenären inte uppfyller sin bevisbörda beträffande den omständigheten presumeras fordringsförhållande föreligga mellan parterna.

Högsta domstolens bevisbörderegel i rättsfallet NJA 2017 s. 1105 kan motiveras från ett ändamålsperspektiv. Om borgenären hade bevisbördan för den omständigheten att obehörig användning inte förekommit hade det sannolikt inverkat negativt på systemet med elektroniska underskrifter som helhet och i förlängningen riskerat minska viljan hos borgenärer att lämna krediter.

Bevisbörderegeln kan även motiveras från ett bevissäkringsperspektiv. En borgenär har i den aktuella situationen möjlighet att säkra bevisning om att en viss elektronisk underskrift använts för att underteckna ett elektroniskt kontrakt, men kan svårligen säkra bevisning om sådana omständigheter som talar för att obehörig användning av den elektroniska underskriften inte förekommit. Det är innehavaren av den elektroniska underskriften som har kunskap om bland annat vilka personer som haft tillgång till säkerhetskoden, på vilka platser koden har förvarats och andra omständigheter som talar för att obehörig användning förekommit. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Isaksson Osmo, Jakob LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Loan with electronic signature. An examination of the location of the burden of proof in the event of an objection of unauthorized use – particularly in the light of NJA 2017 p. 1105.
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Processrätt, civilprocessrätt, bevisbörda, avancerad elektronisk underskrift, obehörig användning, NJA 2017 s. 1105
language
Swedish
id
9079919
date added to LUP
2022-06-14 20:19:42
date last changed
2022-06-14 20:19:42
@misc{9079919,
  abstract     = {{In the court case NJA 2017 p. 1105, the Swedish Supreme Court has considered the question of the placement of the burden of proof in a situation where the holder of an advanced electronic signature objected that the signature had been used unauthorizedly by another person to sign an electronic loan commitment. The purpose of the essay is to clarify and provide an understanding of the current burden of proof rule. The purpose of the essay also includes providing an understanding of how the current burden of proof rule relates to previous practice regarding the placement of the burden of proof in the event of an objection of forgery of signature.

In the court case NJA 1976 p. 667, the Swedish Supreme Court has stated that a creditor, in the event of a debtor's objection to forgery of signature relating to receipt, that the creditor should make the debtor's signature predominantly probable. The burden of proof rule has been applied in some court of appeal decisions, including in the case of an objection of forgery of signature regarding a written guarantee and promissory note. Burden of proof rules apply only to legal facts. The question regarding who has written a signature on a written proof of claim, such as a receipt or a promissory note, is not a legal fact. The starting point is therefore that a burden of proof rule should not apply to an objection of forgery of signature. One interpretation of the court decisions is that the question of the authenticity of the debtor's signature has been regarded as a presumptive fact in a presumption of proof rule and that the legal consequence has been that loan has been presumed.

In the case NJA 2017 p. 1105, the Swedish Supreme Court has stated that if a holder of an advanced electronic signature raises an objection of unauthorized use of the signature, the assessment shall take place in two stages. It must first be examined whether it is the signature in question that has been used. After that, it must be examined whether it is the debtor who used the signature. Since the question of who used the electronic signature is not a legal fact, a burden of proof rule as a starting point should not be applied. One interpretation of the case is that the Supreme Court applied a presumption of evidence rule. The rule in question can be described as follows. As a first step, the creditor shall demonstrate that the technical solution used to sign the contract corresponds to the creation of an advanced electronic signature. If the creditor satisfies his burden of proof regarding that circumstance, the signature is presumed to have been created by identification with the debtor's personal code. In the next step, the debtor must make it presumed that there has been unauthorized use of the electronic signature. If the debtor satisfies his burden of proof in relation to that fact, there is deemed to be no claim relationship between the parties. If the debtor does not meet his burden of proof in relation to that fact, it is presumed that there is a claim relationship between the parties.

The Swedish Supreme Court's burden of proof rule in the case NJA 2017 p. 1105 can be justified from a purpose perspective. If the creditor had the burden of proving the non-use of unauthorized use, it would likely have had a negative impact on the electronic signature system as a whole and would likely reduce the willingness of creditors to provide credit.

The burden of proof rule can also be justified from the perspective of securing evidence. In the present situation, a creditor is able to secure evidence that a particular electronic signature was used to sign an electronic contract, but is unable to secure evidence of circumstances suggesting that there has been no unauthorized use of the electronic signature. It is the holder of the electronic signature who has knowledge of, among other things, which persons had access to the security code, in which places the code has been stored and other circumstances that indicate that unauthorized use occurred.}},
  author       = {{Isaksson Osmo, Jakob}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Lån med elektronisk underskrift. En undersökning av bevisbördans placering vid invändning om obehörig användning - särskilt i ljuset av Högsta domstolens avgörande i NJA 2017 s. 1105.}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}