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Integrera eller konkurrera? En rättsvetenskaplig studie om EU:s möjligheter att använda differentierad integration för att åstadkomma samarbete på området för digital beskattning

Ydén, Hanna LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
National and international tax systems face significant challenges due to the digitalisation of the economy. The European Union (EU) argues that these challenges must be met with solutions at union level that involve all Member States. If no harmonisation is achieved, there is a risk that the Member States will compete with each other through regulatory competition. The European Commission has made several extensive legislative attempts to harmonise areas of the taxation of the digital economy, however without success. This indicates that harmonisation might not be achievable through traditional routes of integration. An option is to use differentiated integration to achieve a cooperation between the Member States.

The aim of this... (More)
National and international tax systems face significant challenges due to the digitalisation of the economy. The European Union (EU) argues that these challenges must be met with solutions at union level that involve all Member States. If no harmonisation is achieved, there is a risk that the Member States will compete with each other through regulatory competition. The European Commission has made several extensive legislative attempts to harmonise areas of the taxation of the digital economy, however without success. This indicates that harmonisation might not be achievable through traditional routes of integration. An option is to use differentiated integration to achieve a cooperation between the Member States.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse what constitutional tools are available to the EU to use differentiated integration, in the shape of minimum harmonisation or enhanced cooperation, and to put these tools in the context of the taxation of the digital economy. The aim is further to examine which variation of differentiated integration is most appropriate to use to prevent regulatory competition between the Member States. Through analysing EU law and EU tax law by using an EU law method and a legal dogmatic method, several conclusions can be made.

The Treaties allow for the use of minimum harmonisation and enhanced cooperation in tax matters. Both variations of differentiated integration offer an alternative to traditional routes of integration and may possibly make harmonisation more realistically achievable. In the context of the taxation of the digital economy however, minimum harmonisation is more appropriate if the purpose of the harmonisation is to prevent regulatory competition.


This due to minimum harmonisation setting a minimum level of regulation for all Member States, which means there is a minimum level of harmonisation across the whole Union. A use of enhanced cooperation would result in some Member States having identical regulations whereas others would be able to shape their tax rules relatively freely. This creates a risk that Member States that do not participate in the enhanced cooperation will adjust their tax rules with the purpose of competing with the Member States that do participate in the enhanced cooperation. Minimum harmonisation guarantees a certain amount of regulation across all Member States. Even though they can introduce differentiated legislation above this level, the regulatory competition between the Member States is limited. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Den digitala ekonomin innebär stora utmaningar för nationella och internationella skattesystem. Den Europeiska unionen (EU) vill bemöta dessa utmaningar genom lösningar på unionsnivå som involverar samtliga medlemsstater. Om det inte går att uppnå harmonisering på området är risken att medlemsstaterna konkurrerar med varandra genom regleringskonkurrens. Den Europeiska kommissionen har presenterat flera omfattande lagstiftningsförslag i försök att harmonisera beskattningen av den digitala ekonomin, dock utan framgång. Detta indikerar att en harmonisering inte nödvändigtvis är möjlig att uppnå genom traditionella vägar för integration. Ett alternativ är att använda differentierad integration för att uppnå ett samarbete mellan... (More)
Den digitala ekonomin innebär stora utmaningar för nationella och internationella skattesystem. Den Europeiska unionen (EU) vill bemöta dessa utmaningar genom lösningar på unionsnivå som involverar samtliga medlemsstater. Om det inte går att uppnå harmonisering på området är risken att medlemsstaterna konkurrerar med varandra genom regleringskonkurrens. Den Europeiska kommissionen har presenterat flera omfattande lagstiftningsförslag i försök att harmonisera beskattningen av den digitala ekonomin, dock utan framgång. Detta indikerar att en harmonisering inte nödvändigtvis är möjlig att uppnå genom traditionella vägar för integration. Ett alternativ är att använda differentierad integration för att uppnå ett samarbete mellan medlemsstaterna.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera vilka konstitutionella möjligheter som finns för EU att använda differentierad integration i form av minimiharmonisering eller fördjupat samarbete och att sätta dessa möjligheter i kontexten av beskattningen av den digitala ekonomin. Syftet är vidare att utreda vilken form av differentierad integration som är mest lämplig att använda för att motverka regleringskonkurrens mellan medlemsstaterna. Genom att analysera EU-rätten med en EU-rättslig metod och en rättsdogmatisk metod kan flera slutsatser dras.

Fördragen tillåter en användning av minimiharmonisering och fördjupat samarbete på skatterättens område. Båda variationer av differentierad integration erbjuder ett alternativ till traditionella vägar för integration och kan eventuellt möjliggöra viss harmonisering på området för beskattning av den digitala ekonomin. Minimiharmonisering är dock lämpligare att använda om syftet med harmoniseringen är att motverka regleringskonkurrens mellan medlemsstaterna.

Detta eftersom minimiharmonisering förutsätter att samtliga medlemsstater har en viss grundnivå av reglering, alltså att det finns en viss nivå av harmonisering över hela unionen. Vid en användning av fördjupat samarbete har vissa medlemsstater samma reglering medan andra är förhållandevis fria att utforma sina egna skatteregleringar. Det innebär att de länder som inte deltar i det fördjupade samarbetet har möjlighet att anpassa sina lagstiftningar i syfte att konkurrera med de länder som deltar i samarbetet. Minimiharmonisering garanterar däremot att samtliga medlemsstater har en viss nivå av enhetlig reglering. Även om de kan införa differentierade åtgärder utöver denna nivå, är regleringskonkurrensen mellan medlemsstaterna begränsad. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ydén, Hanna LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Integrate or compete? A study regarding the EU:s opportunities to use differentiated integration to achieve a cooperation in the area of digital taxation
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, Skatterätt, Differentierad integration, Regleringskonkurrens.
language
Swedish
id
9080632
date added to LUP
2022-06-22 09:21:22
date last changed
2022-06-22 09:21:22
@misc{9080632,
  abstract     = {{National and international tax systems face significant challenges due to the digitalisation of the economy. The European Union (EU) argues that these challenges must be met with solutions at union level that involve all Member States. If no harmonisation is achieved, there is a risk that the Member States will compete with each other through regulatory competition. The European Commission has made several extensive legislative attempts to harmonise areas of the taxation of the digital economy, however without success. This indicates that harmonisation might not be achievable through traditional routes of integration. An option is to use differentiated integration to achieve a cooperation between the Member States. 

The aim of this thesis is to analyse what constitutional tools are available to the EU to use differentiated integration, in the shape of minimum harmonisation or enhanced cooperation, and to put these tools in the context of the taxation of the digital economy. The aim is further to examine which variation of differentiated integration is most appropriate to use to prevent regulatory competition between the Member States. Through analysing EU law and EU tax law by using an EU law method and a legal dogmatic method, several conclusions can be made. 

The Treaties allow for the use of minimum harmonisation and enhanced cooperation in tax matters. Both variations of differentiated integration offer an alternative to traditional routes of integration and may possibly make harmonisation more realistically achievable. In the context of the taxation of the digital economy however, minimum harmonisation is more appropriate if the purpose of the harmonisation is to prevent regulatory competition. 


This due to minimum harmonisation setting a minimum level of regulation for all Member States, which means there is a minimum level of harmonisation across the whole Union. A use of enhanced cooperation would result in some Member States having identical regulations whereas others would be able to shape their tax rules relatively freely. This creates a risk that Member States that do not participate in the enhanced cooperation will adjust their tax rules with the purpose of competing with the Member States that do participate in the enhanced cooperation. Minimum harmonisation guarantees a certain amount of regulation across all Member States. Even though they can introduce differentiated legislation above this level, the regulatory competition between the Member States is limited.}},
  author       = {{Ydén, Hanna}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Integrera eller konkurrera? En rättsvetenskaplig studie om EU:s möjligheter att använda differentierad integration för att åstadkomma samarbete på området för digital beskattning}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}