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Jämkning av äktenskapsförord och riskerna med digitala familjerättsliga avtal

Prokopic, Diana LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Genom äktenskapsförord har makar möjlighet att reglera sina egendomsförhållanden vid en eventuell skilsmässa. Om en make anser att ett eller flera villkor i äktenskapsförordet är oskäliga kan denne åberopa jämkning enligt bestämmelsen i 12 kap. 3 § Äktenskapsbalken (SFS 1987:230) (ÄktB). I förarbetena till lagen, prop.1986/87:1, uttalade departementschefen att bestämmelsen ska tillämpas restriktivt. Sedan lagens införande har frågan om jämkning av villkor i äktenskapsförord enbart varit föremål för prövning av HD en gång, nämligen i NJA 1993 s.583. Samhället har förändrats i många avseenden sedan dess. En av dessa förändringar är att det dykt upp flera digitala tjänster som erbjuder upprättande av äktenskapsförord. Med anledning av dessa... (More)
Genom äktenskapsförord har makar möjlighet att reglera sina egendomsförhållanden vid en eventuell skilsmässa. Om en make anser att ett eller flera villkor i äktenskapsförordet är oskäliga kan denne åberopa jämkning enligt bestämmelsen i 12 kap. 3 § Äktenskapsbalken (SFS 1987:230) (ÄktB). I förarbetena till lagen, prop.1986/87:1, uttalade departementschefen att bestämmelsen ska tillämpas restriktivt. Sedan lagens införande har frågan om jämkning av villkor i äktenskapsförord enbart varit föremål för prövning av HD en gång, nämligen i NJA 1993 s.583. Samhället har förändrats i många avseenden sedan dess. En av dessa förändringar är att det dykt upp flera digitala tjänster som erbjuder upprättande av äktenskapsförord. Med anledning av dessa förändringar, samt att det gått 29 år sedan frågan sist prövades av högsta instans, har det varit av intresse att utreda regeln om jämkning närmare.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att utreda makars möjlighet att åberopa jämkning av oskäliga villkor i äktenskapsförord i enlighet med regleringen i 12 kap. 3 § ÄktB, samt synliggöra hur jämkning av detta slag prövas i praktiken. Därför genomfördes bland annat en intervjustudie för att belysa ett praktikerperspektiv på området. I uppsatsen har även utretts vilka eventuella risker som följer med äktenskapsförord som upprättats genom digitala tjänster.

Uppsatsen visar att bestämmelsen tillämpas restriktivt i praktiken och att makar som vill åberopa regeln har svårt att vinna framgång. Uttalandet i förarbetena om restriktivitet utgår från tanken om att makarnas gemensamma vilja ska respekteras och att äktenskapsförordet därför ska ge uttryck för det. Eftersom lagen ger uttryck för att jämkning ska ske vid oskälighet anses den inte återspegla den verkliga möjlighet makar har att tillämpa bestämmelsen i praktiken. Av vad som har utlästs i praxis och doktrin, men som även blivit bekräftat av praktikerna i intervjustudien, är regleringen i 12 kap. 3 § ÄktB bara tillämpbar i absoluta undantagsfall. Mot bakgrund av detta finns det enligt min mening ett behov av att ändra lagen för att återspegla makars verkliga möjlighet att jämka oskäliga villkor i förord. En sådan ändring skulle kunna vara att bestämmelsen blir tillämpar enbart vid uppenbar oskälighet av villkor i äktenskapsförord.

En annan slutsats som dras i uppsatsen är att frågan kan bli föremål för prövning oftare i framtiden med hänsyn till det relativt nya avgörandet från HD, nämligen NJA 2020 s.583 ”den oskäliga skifteslikviden”. Trots att fallet rörde klander av bodelningsavtal framgår det av domskälen att argumentationen som förs även är tillämpbar på andra familjerättsliga avtal, däribland äktenskapsförord. I fallet framgick att de särdrag som finns mellan familjerättsliga- och förmögenhetsrättsliga avtal kan motivera en generösare tillämpning av 12 kap. 3 § ÄktB. Avgörandet ligger således inte i linje med den restriktiva syn som uttalats i NJA 1993 s. 583. Av den anledningen finns det anledning för HD att meddela ett nytt prövningstillstånd i ett liknande ärende för att bringa klarhet i frågan.

Min bedömning är att de tjänster som erbjuder upprättande av äktenskapsförord digitalt också för med sig ett antal risker, exempelvis att dessa digitala avtal kan ge upphov till tolkningsproblem. En annan risk är att makar enkelt kan upprätta dessa förord utan en ordentlig eftertanke. Makar kan i många fall behöva en juridisk konsultation inför upprättande av äktenskapsförord. En sådan konsultation är svår att uppnå på ett lämpligt sätt genom dessa tjänster. Med hänsyn till den begränsade möjlighet som finns att jämka oskäliga äktenskapsförord i nuläget riskerar makar att ingå avtal som inte speglar deras egentliga vilja. (Less)
Abstract
Through prenuptial agreements, spouses have the opportunity to regulate their economic conditions in case of a divorce. If one spouse finds one or more conditions in the agreement to be unreasonable, they can appeal for adjustment of this through the regulation in 12 ch. 3 § ÄktB (the Swedish martial law). In the legislative history of the law, prop.1986/87:1, the minister expressed that the administration of the law should be restrictive. Since the law was passed, the adjustment regulation has only been tested by the supreme court once in 1993 (NJA 1993 p. 583). Society has changed in many ways ever since. One of these changes is that there are a lot of new digital services that offer the establishment of prenuptial agreements. Because of... (More)
Through prenuptial agreements, spouses have the opportunity to regulate their economic conditions in case of a divorce. If one spouse finds one or more conditions in the agreement to be unreasonable, they can appeal for adjustment of this through the regulation in 12 ch. 3 § ÄktB (the Swedish martial law). In the legislative history of the law, prop.1986/87:1, the minister expressed that the administration of the law should be restrictive. Since the law was passed, the adjustment regulation has only been tested by the supreme court once in 1993 (NJA 1993 p. 583). Society has changed in many ways ever since. One of these changes is that there are a lot of new digital services that offer the establishment of prenuptial agreements. Because of these changes, and because 29 years have passed since the question was last tested in the supreme court, it has been of interest to analyze the adjustment rule more closely.

This essay aims to examine spouses' opportunities to appeal for the adjustment rule if there is an unreasonable condition in the prenuptial agreement and bring awareness of how it is tested in practice. Because of this, an interview study has been done in the hope to agnolish a perspective from people working in the field. The thesis has also investigated the possible risks of prenuptial agreements established through digital services.

The thesis shows that the rule is applied restrictively in practice and that spouses who want to invoke it have difficulty gaining success. The preparatory work on the restrictiveness statement is based on the idea that the spouses' common will must be respected and that the prenuptial agreement must express this. Since the law states that adjustment must occur in the event of unreasonableness, it is not considered to reflect the real possibility that spouses have when applying for the adjustment in practice. From what has been read in precedents and doctrine, but which has also been confirmed by the interviewees in the study, the regulation in 12 ch. 3 § ÄktB can only be applied in absolute exceptional cases. Because of this, in my opinion, there is a need to change the law to reflect the spouses' real opportunity to adjust unfair terms in the agreement. Such a change could be that the rule becomes applicable only in the event of obvious unreasonableness of conditions in the prenuptial agreement.

Another conclusion drawn in the thesis is that the issue may be examined more often in the future with regard to the relatively new decision from the supreme court, namely NJA 2020 p.583. Although the case concerned protest of marital property agreements, it is clear from the grounds of the judgment that the arguments put forward are also applicable to other family law agreements, including prenuptial agreements. In this case, it appears that the features that exist between family law and property law agreements can justify a more generous application of 12 ch. § 3 ÄktB. The decision is thus not in line with the restrictive view stated in NJA 1993 p. 583. For that reason, there is a reason for the supreme to grant a new leave to appeal in a similar case to bring clarity to the issue.

I assess that the services that offer the prenuptial agreements digitally also come with several risks; for example, these digital agreements can give rise to interpretation problems. Another risk is that spouses can quickly establish these agreements without proper thought. Spouses may, in many cases, need a legal consultation before establishing a prenuptial agreement. Such consultation is challenging to achieve appropriately through these services. Given the limited possibility that exists to reconcile unreasonable prenuptial agreements at present, spouses risk entering into agreements that do not reflect their actual will. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Prokopic, Diana LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Adjustment of prenuptial agreements and risks with digital agreements
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
familjerätt, ekonomisk familjerätt, jämkning av äktenskapsförord
language
Swedish
id
9080645
date added to LUP
2022-06-09 12:33:36
date last changed
2022-06-09 12:33:36
@misc{9080645,
  abstract     = {{Through prenuptial agreements, spouses have the opportunity to regulate their economic conditions in case of a divorce. If one spouse finds one or more conditions in the agreement to be unreasonable, they can appeal for adjustment of this through the regulation in 12 ch. 3 § ÄktB (the Swedish martial law). In the legislative history of the law, prop.1986/87:1, the minister expressed that the administration of the law should be restrictive. Since the law was passed, the adjustment regulation has only been tested by the supreme court once in 1993 (NJA 1993 p. 583). Society has changed in many ways ever since. One of these changes is that there are a lot of new digital services that offer the establishment of prenuptial agreements. Because of these changes, and because 29 years have passed since the question was last tested in the supreme court, it has been of interest to analyze the adjustment rule more closely. 

This essay aims to examine spouses' opportunities to appeal for the adjustment rule if there is an unreasonable condition in the prenuptial agreement and bring awareness of how it is tested in practice. Because of this, an interview study has been done in the hope to agnolish a perspective from people working in the field. The thesis has also investigated the possible risks of prenuptial agreements established through digital services.

The thesis shows that the rule is applied restrictively in practice and that spouses who want to invoke it have difficulty gaining success. The preparatory work on the restrictiveness statement is based on the idea that the spouses' common will must be respected and that the prenuptial agreement must express this. Since the law states that adjustment must occur in the event of unreasonableness, it is not considered to reflect the real possibility that spouses have when applying for the adjustment in practice. From what has been read in precedents and doctrine, but which has also been confirmed by the interviewees in the study, the regulation in 12 ch. 3 § ÄktB can only be applied in absolute exceptional cases. Because of this, in my opinion, there is a need to change the law to reflect the spouses' real opportunity to adjust unfair terms in the agreement. Such a change could be that the rule becomes applicable only in the event of obvious unreasonableness of conditions in the prenuptial agreement.

Another conclusion drawn in the thesis is that the issue may be examined more often in the future with regard to the relatively new decision from the supreme court, namely NJA 2020 p.583. Although the case concerned protest of marital property agreements, it is clear from the grounds of the judgment that the arguments put forward are also applicable to other family law agreements, including prenuptial agreements. In this case, it appears that the features that exist between family law and property law agreements can justify a more generous application of 12 ch. § 3 ÄktB. The decision is thus not in line with the restrictive view stated in NJA 1993 p. 583. For that reason, there is a reason for the supreme to grant a new leave to appeal in a similar case to bring clarity to the issue.

I assess that the services that offer the prenuptial agreements digitally also come with several risks; for example, these digital agreements can give rise to interpretation problems. Another risk is that spouses can quickly establish these agreements without proper thought. Spouses may, in many cases, need a legal consultation before establishing a prenuptial agreement. Such consultation is challenging to achieve appropriately through these services. Given the limited possibility that exists to reconcile unreasonable prenuptial agreements at present, spouses risk entering into agreements that do not reflect their actual will.}},
  author       = {{Prokopic, Diana}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Jämkning av äktenskapsförord och riskerna med digitala familjerättsliga avtal}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}