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En fasad av neutralitet? - En neutralitetsstudie av fåmansföretagens effekt på svensk beskattning

Bylund, Axel LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
To understand the effect of tax law on the Swedish society, continuous investigation and evaluation of regulations is required. With this in mind, this thesis investigates the effect of close company taxation on society from a neutrality perspective. Through a deep analysis, it becomes clear how neutral the regulations for close company taxation are when choosing the form of association. Based on this analysis, proposals are then made for how the legislator can further strengthen neutrality within close company taxation.

The neutrality principle, simply put, means that tax rules should not influence the actions individuals choose when faced with different options. This is motivated by the theory that if tax law does not affect the... (More)
To understand the effect of tax law on the Swedish society, continuous investigation and evaluation of regulations is required. With this in mind, this thesis investigates the effect of close company taxation on society from a neutrality perspective. Through a deep analysis, it becomes clear how neutral the regulations for close company taxation are when choosing the form of association. Based on this analysis, proposals are then made for how the legislator can further strengthen neutrality within close company taxation.

The neutrality principle, simply put, means that tax rules should not influence the actions individuals choose when faced with different options. This is motivated by the theory that if tax law does not affect the individual, the rational individual will choose the most efficient option. If tax rules influence the choice, there is therefore a risk that the individual will not choose the most efficient option. For this reason, the neutrality principle is a cornerstone for creating an economically efficient tax legislation.

In this thesis, the neutrality principle is divided into micro and macro neutrality. Micro neutrality is defined as tax law not influencing individual action choices. Macro neutrality is defined as non-intervention, which means that if tax rules lead to resource allocation within society, the rules are not to be considered macro neutral. The study is based on two different analyses based on which of these definitions of neutrality is used.

During the analysis of micro neutrality in the rules, a comparison is made between the taxation of service, individual business, close company business, unlisted companies with other ownership and unlisted companies without other ownership. The analysis is based on different income levels where the retention, defined as net income relative to gross income, is compared between the different forms of association. In addition, the different tax dispositions are compared over a five-year period. The analysis finds that close company taxation is advantageous at all income levels, especially at incomes over a million Swedish crowns, and that the rules therefore cannot be considered micro neutral.

Based on this, a literature review is carried out on both the legal and economic debate on close company taxation in order to investigate the effect of the rules on macro neutrality. The literature presents investigations and arguments for the effect of the rules on society. Based on an analysis of the literature, it can be concluded that the rules seem to allocate resources in favour of men, native-born, major cities, consulting activities and high-income, while women, foreign-born, rural areas, government employees and low-income seem to be disadvantaged. Therefore, the rules cannot be considered macro neutral.

Based on these results, proposals are made for how the legislator can further strengthen neutrality within close company taxation. The first option is a taxation of close companies under the threshold of 25 precent, something that has been proposed by both the legislator and the literature. This option would have increased micro neutrality in all aspects and largely established neutrality between small businesses and unlisted companies, at least among those companies with several employees. However, the aforementioned resource allocation would probably have only been affected to a small ex-tent as the rules are still advantageous compared to individual business and income from service, especially at high income levels.

The second option proposes a template-based taxation of close companies where half of the dividend is taxed as a service like today's dividend over the threshold and half is taxed as capital like the dividend of unlisted shares, which today would give a total taxation of 38.62 percent on divi-dend. This would have significantly increased the neutrality between individual business and close companies, although close companies would still have some advantage at income levels over one million. However, the neutrality between small businesses and unlisted companies at high income levels would have decreased. As a result, a cap could be introduced where dividends over a certain amount are taxed in the same way as dividends from unlisted companies, preferably with a requirement for a certain employment rate to activate this cap. Overall, this option would have increased neutrality by raising the tax rate on capital, thus reducing the resource-allocating effect, although it would not completely remove it.

The third option is a proposal to abolish the dual tax system. Although this is the option that would have increased neutrality the most and almost achieved complete neutrality, it is not very likely that this option will be introduced by the legislator, especially as it risks causing capital flight to other countries.

In summary, this thesis shows the neutrality shortcomings of today's close company taxation. Although it is difficult to create completely neutral rules, there is a strong incentive for the legislator to review the rules. This review can be aided by a method of comprehensive analysis of micro and macro neutrality as an effective way to actually assess the effect of tax rules on society, and it is therefore desirable for the legislator to more con-tinuously use such a method. In addition, the motivation for the introduc-tion of small business taxation as neutrality rules today is misleading, as the rules rather decrease neutrality than increase it. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
För att förstå skatterättens effekt på det svenska samhället krävs kontinuerlig
utredning och utvärdering av regleringarna. Med anledning av detta undersöks i denna uppsats fåmansföretagsbeskattnings effekt på samhället utifrån
ett neutralitetsperspektiv. Genom en fördjupad analys klargörs hur neutrala
fåmansföretagsbeskattningens regleringar kan anses vara vid val av associationsform. Med denna analys som grund ges sedermera förslag till hur lagstiftaren ytterligare kan stärka upp neutraliteten inom fåmansföretagsbeskattningen.

Neutralitetsprincipen innebär enkelt beskrivet att skatteregler inte ska påverka vilka handlingar individer väljer när de står inför olika alternativ. Detta
motiveras med att om skatterätten inte... (More)
För att förstå skatterättens effekt på det svenska samhället krävs kontinuerlig
utredning och utvärdering av regleringarna. Med anledning av detta undersöks i denna uppsats fåmansföretagsbeskattnings effekt på samhället utifrån
ett neutralitetsperspektiv. Genom en fördjupad analys klargörs hur neutrala
fåmansföretagsbeskattningens regleringar kan anses vara vid val av associationsform. Med denna analys som grund ges sedermera förslag till hur lagstiftaren ytterligare kan stärka upp neutraliteten inom fåmansföretagsbeskattningen.

Neutralitetsprincipen innebär enkelt beskrivet att skatteregler inte ska påverka vilka handlingar individer väljer när de står inför olika alternativ. Detta
motiveras med att om skatterätten inte påverkar individen väljer den rationella individen det mest effektiva valet. Om skattereglerna påverkar valet finns
därför en risk att individen inte lägre väljer det val som är mest effektivt. Av denna anledning är neutralitetsprincipen en grundsten för att skapa en nationalekonomiskt effektiv skattelagstiftning.

I denna uppsats delas neutralitetsprincipen upp i mikro- och makroneutralitet.
Mikroneutralitet definieras som att skatterätten inte ska påverka individers
handlingsval. Makroneutraliteten definieras som icke-intervention, vilket innebär att om skattereglerna leder till resursallokering inom samhället är reglerna per definition inte makroneutrala. Studien utgår ifrån två olika analyser
baserat på vilken av dessa definitioner av neutralitet som används.

Vid analyseringen av mikroneutraliteten i reglerna görs en jämförelse mellan
beskattningen av tjänst, enskild näringsverksamhet, fåmansföretag, onoterade
bolag med annat ägande och onoterade bolag utan annat ägande. Analysen
utgår från olika inkomstnivåer där behållningen, det vill säga nettoinkomsten
relativ till bruttoinkomsten, jämförs mellan de olika associationsformerna.
Därutöver jämförs de olika skattemässiga dispositionerna över en femårsperiod. Analysen finner att fåmansföretagens beskattning är fördelaktig vid alla
inkomstnivåer, speciellt vid inkomster över en miljon kronor, och att reglerna
därför inte kan anses vara mikroneutrala.

Med detta som grund utförs en litteraturöversikt över både den juridiska och
ekonomiska debatten kring fåmansföretagsbeskattningen för att på så vis utreda reglernas effekt på makroneutraliteten. I litteraturen presenteras utredningar och argument för reglernas effekt på samhället. Utifrån en analys av
litteraturen kan konstateras att reglerna verkar resursallokerande till förmån
för män, inrikesfödda, storstäder, konsultverksamheter och höginkomsttagare
på bekostnad av kvinnor, utrikesfödda, landsbygd, statligt anställda och låginkomsttagare.

Utifrån detta resultat presenteras lagändringar som möjligen förbättrar neutraliteten både i ett mikro- och ett makroperspektiv. Det första alternativet är en beskattning av fåmansföretag under gränsbeloppet om 25 procent, något
som föreslagits både av lagstiftaren och litteraturen. Detta alternativ hade ökat
mikroneutraliteten i alla aspekter och i stort sett upprättat neutralitet mellan
fåmansföretag och onoterade bolag, åtminstone bland de bolag som har flera
anställda. Den nämnda resursallokeringen hade dock troligen endast påverkats i liten utsträckning då reglerna fortfarande är mer fördelaktiga än reglerna för enskild näringsverksamhet och inkomst av tjänst, speciellt vid höga
inkomstnivåer.

Det andra alternativet föreslår en schabloniserad beskattning av fåmansföretagen där hälften av utdelningen beskattas som tjänst likt dagens utdelning
över gränsbeloppet och hälften beskattas som kapital likt utdelningen på onoterade andelar. I dag skulle det innebära en sammantagen beskattning på
38,62 procent på utdelning. Detta hade ökat neutraliteten mellan enskild näringsverksamhet och fåmansföretag markant, även om fåmansföretagen fortfarande skulle ha viss fördel vid inkomstnivåer över miljonen. Neutraliteten
mellan fåmansföretag och onoterade bolag vid höga inkomstnivåer hade dock
minskat. Med anledning av detta hade ett tak kunnat införas där utdelning
över en viss summa i helhet beskattas likt utdelning från onoterade bolag,
förslagsvis med ett krav på en viss anställningsgrad för att aktivera detta tak.
Sammantaget hade detta alternativ ökat neutraliteten genom att skattesatsen
på kapital höjs, och därmed hade den resursallokerande effekten minskat även
om den inte helt tas bort.

Det tredje alternativet är ett förslag om avskaffande av det duala skattesystemet. Även om detta är det alternativ som hade ökat neutraliteten mest och i stort sett uppnått fullständig neutralitet är det inte särskilt sannolikt att detta alternativ införs av lagstiftaren, framför allt då det riskerar orsaka kapitalflykt till andra länder.

Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att denna uppsats visar vilka neutralitetsbrister
dagens fåmansföretagsbeskattning innebär. Även om det är svårt att skapa
helt neutrala regler finns det stora incitament för lagstiftaren att göra en översyn av reglerna. Till denna översyn kan bidras att en metod med en omfattande analys av mikro- och makroneutraliteten är ett effektivt sätt att faktiskt
utreda skattereglernas effekt på samhället och att det därav är önskvärt att
lagstiftaren mer kontinuerligt använder sig av en sådan metod. Därutöver kan
till diskussionen också tillföras att motiveringen av införandet av fåmansföretagsbeskattningen som neutralitetsregler i dag är missvisande, då reglerna snarare minskar neutraliteten än ökar den. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Bylund, Axel LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
A front of neutrality? - A study of the close companies effect on Swedish taxation
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, Associationsrätt, Tax Law, Fåmansföretag, Neutralitet, 3:12, Fåmansföretagsbeskattning, Neutrality, Neutralitetsprincipen, association, Fåmansaktiebolag
language
Swedish
id
9104587
date added to LUP
2023-01-24 09:17:38
date last changed
2023-01-24 09:17:38
@misc{9104587,
  abstract     = {{To understand the effect of tax law on the Swedish society, continuous investigation and evaluation of regulations is required. With this in mind, this thesis investigates the effect of close company taxation on society from a neutrality perspective. Through a deep analysis, it becomes clear how neutral the regulations for close company taxation are when choosing the form of association. Based on this analysis, proposals are then made for how the legislator can further strengthen neutrality within close company taxation.

The neutrality principle, simply put, means that tax rules should not influence the actions individuals choose when faced with different options. This is motivated by the theory that if tax law does not affect the individual, the rational individual will choose the most efficient option. If tax rules influence the choice, there is therefore a risk that the individual will not choose the most efficient option. For this reason, the neutrality principle is a cornerstone for creating an economically efficient tax legislation.

In this thesis, the neutrality principle is divided into micro and macro neutrality. Micro neutrality is defined as tax law not influencing individual action choices. Macro neutrality is defined as non-intervention, which means that if tax rules lead to resource allocation within society, the rules are not to be considered macro neutral. The study is based on two different analyses based on which of these definitions of neutrality is used.

During the analysis of micro neutrality in the rules, a comparison is made between the taxation of service, individual business, close company business, unlisted companies with other ownership and unlisted companies without other ownership. The analysis is based on different income levels where the retention, defined as net income relative to gross income, is compared between the different forms of association. In addition, the different tax dispositions are compared over a five-year period. The analysis finds that close company taxation is advantageous at all income levels, especially at incomes over a million Swedish crowns, and that the rules therefore cannot be considered micro neutral.

Based on this, a literature review is carried out on both the legal and economic debate on close company taxation in order to investigate the effect of the rules on macro neutrality. The literature presents investigations and arguments for the effect of the rules on society. Based on an analysis of the literature, it can be concluded that the rules seem to allocate resources in favour of men, native-born, major cities, consulting activities and high-income, while women, foreign-born, rural areas, government employees and low-income seem to be disadvantaged. Therefore, the rules cannot be considered macro neutral.

Based on these results, proposals are made for how the legislator can further strengthen neutrality within close company taxation. The first option is a taxation of close companies under the threshold of 25 precent, something that has been proposed by both the legislator and the literature. This option would have increased micro neutrality in all aspects and largely established neutrality between small businesses and unlisted companies, at least among those companies with several employees. However, the aforementioned resource allocation would probably have only been affected to a small ex-tent as the rules are still advantageous compared to individual business and income from service, especially at high income levels.

The second option proposes a template-based taxation of close companies where half of the dividend is taxed as a service like today's dividend over the threshold and half is taxed as capital like the dividend of unlisted shares, which today would give a total taxation of 38.62 percent on divi-dend. This would have significantly increased the neutrality between individual business and close companies, although close companies would still have some advantage at income levels over one million. However, the neutrality between small businesses and unlisted companies at high income levels would have decreased. As a result, a cap could be introduced where dividends over a certain amount are taxed in the same way as dividends from unlisted companies, preferably with a requirement for a certain employment rate to activate this cap. Overall, this option would have increased neutrality by raising the tax rate on capital, thus reducing the resource-allocating effect, although it would not completely remove it.

The third option is a proposal to abolish the dual tax system. Although this is the option that would have increased neutrality the most and almost achieved complete neutrality, it is not very likely that this option will be introduced by the legislator, especially as it risks causing capital flight to other countries.

In summary, this thesis shows the neutrality shortcomings of today's close company taxation. Although it is difficult to create completely neutral rules, there is a strong incentive for the legislator to review the rules. This review can be aided by a method of comprehensive analysis of micro and macro neutrality as an effective way to actually assess the effect of tax rules on society, and it is therefore desirable for the legislator to more con-tinuously use such a method. In addition, the motivation for the introduc-tion of small business taxation as neutrality rules today is misleading, as the rules rather decrease neutrality than increase it.}},
  author       = {{Bylund, Axel}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{En fasad av neutralitet? - En neutralitetsstudie av fåmansföretagens effekt på svensk beskattning}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}