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Supplerande moment och rättskraft - En analys av i vilken utsträckning supplerande moment erhåller stadfästelsedomens rättskraft

Persson, Towa LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Alternative forms of dispute resolution have gained increasing significance in Swedish procedural law, and it have drawn varied responses. It is common for parties, despite having initiated court proceedings, to reach a settlement agreement in which they ask the court to confirm by delivering judgement. Like other civil judgements, a confirmation judgement attains legal force. The res judicata effect means that the dispute between the parties is finally settled. A cause of claim may not be litigated more than once.

Parties bear responsibility for the content of the settlement agreement which have offered them a broad opportunity to add legal matters beyond the original dispute. Such legal matters are called supplementary elements.... (More)
Alternative forms of dispute resolution have gained increasing significance in Swedish procedural law, and it have drawn varied responses. It is common for parties, despite having initiated court proceedings, to reach a settlement agreement in which they ask the court to confirm by delivering judgement. Like other civil judgements, a confirmation judgement attains legal force. The res judicata effect means that the dispute between the parties is finally settled. A cause of claim may not be litigated more than once.

Parties bear responsibility for the content of the settlement agreement which have offered them a broad opportunity to add legal matters beyond the original dispute. Such legal matters are called supplementary elements. Incorporated through case law these supplementary elements are subject to the res judicata effect of the confirmation judgement. Such an arrangement allows the parties to determine the scope of res judicata by contractual agreement, raising concerns about the potential breadth of its impact. If parties can control the res judicata of a confirmation judgement, there is a risk that the effect of res judicata will be too broad. The parties may thus lose future rights to judicial review.

The institution of res judicata is, and has been, highly debated in the civil procedural law literature. Despite the extensive discussion, the extent of the legal force of supplementary elements has not received much consideration in the legal literature. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the extent of the legal effect of a confirmation judgement when the settlement agreement contains supplementary elements. The thesis highlights the res judicata issues that may arise when confirming a settlement agreement that contains supplementary elements. Of relevance to the purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether there is an outer limit to the supplementary elements that may be covered by the res judicata of the confirmation judgement, and if so, what the requirements are imposed on the supplementary elements covered by the res judicata. The supplementary elements examined by the court in previous cases have been linked to the disputed legal relationship between the parties. The thesis explores how res judicata is affected when parties introduce a supplementary element unrelated to the initial legal relationship.

It follows from case law that clarity is a prerequisite for supplementary elements to be subject to the legal force of the judgement. It is required that the element is clearly formulated and their content determinable. A 2017 Supreme Court case introduced an additional requirement. The supplementary element must resolve the disputed issue in the claim to have legal effect. The requirement cannot be considered compatible with the definition of a supplementary element.

Regardless of the interpretation of the Supreme Court’s reasoning, it does not address whether all supplementary elements gain legal effect if they meet the clarity requirement and a potential requirement for a solution of the subject matter of the proceedings. An outer limit to the extent to which supplementary elements acquire the legal force of the confirmation judgement is not stated in law, nor is it clarified in any guiding case law.

Procedural agreements, governing procedural aspects, require legal support for their procedural effects under the principle of procedural invalidity. The parties sometimes incorporate a final settlement clause in settlement agreements. Final settlement clauses added to a settlement agreement constitute a supplementary element. The purpose of the clause is to ensure that the settlement agreement results in the final settlement of all the parties’ disputes. If the judgement constitutes a procedural obstacle because of the final settlement clause, the clause constitutes a procedural agreement. The parties have then indirectly created a procedural obstacle. The question arises as to how the legal force is affected when parties introduce a supplementary element into their settlement agreement that is not related to the same legal relationship. Is such extensive res judicata resulting from the supplementary element contrary to the principle of procedural invalidity?

To answer the question about how the legal force of supplementary elements is to be determined it is necessary for the Supreme Court to establish an outer limit for which supplementary elements are subject to the legal force of the confirmation judgement and which are not. The reasoning of the court should be accompanied by clear criteria guiding on which the assessment is based. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Alternativa tvistlösningsformer har på senare tid fått en allt större roll inom den svenska processrätten, vilket fått ett varierat bemötande. Det är vanligt förekommande att parter, trots att de inlett en domstolsprocess, når en förlikningsöverenskommelse som de begär att domstolen stadfäster. Stadfästelse av ett förlikningsavtal resulterar i dom. En stadfästelsedom erhåller, precis som andra tvistemålsdomar, rättskraft. Att stadfästelsedomen erhåller rättskraft innebär att tvisten mellan parter är slutligt reglerad. En talan om samma sak kan inte ånyo upptas till prövning i domstol.

Det är parter som ansvarar för förlikningsavtalets innehåll. Parter har i praxis givits en omfattande möjlighet att tillföra andra rättsförhållanden... (More)
Alternativa tvistlösningsformer har på senare tid fått en allt större roll inom den svenska processrätten, vilket fått ett varierat bemötande. Det är vanligt förekommande att parter, trots att de inlett en domstolsprocess, når en förlikningsöverenskommelse som de begär att domstolen stadfäster. Stadfästelse av ett förlikningsavtal resulterar i dom. En stadfästelsedom erhåller, precis som andra tvistemålsdomar, rättskraft. Att stadfästelsedomen erhåller rättskraft innebär att tvisten mellan parter är slutligt reglerad. En talan om samma sak kan inte ånyo upptas till prövning i domstol.

Det är parter som ansvarar för förlikningsavtalets innehåll. Parter har i praxis givits en omfattande möjlighet att tillföra andra rättsförhållanden utöver det tvistiga till sitt förlikningsavtal. Sådana rättsförhållanden kallas supplerande moment. Av praxis framgår att även supplerande moment omfattas av stadfästelsedomens rättskraft. En sådan ordning ger parter en möjlighet att avtalsvägen bestämma rättskraftens omfång. Att parter kan styra över en stadfästelsedoms rättskraft riskerar att resultera i att rättskraftens effekt blir alltför vidsträckt. Part kan således gå miste om framtida rätt till domstolsprövning.

Rättskraftsinstitutet är och har varit bland det mest omdiskuterade i den civilprocessrättsliga litteraturen. Trots diskussionen har omfattningen av supplerande moments rättskraft inte uppmärksammats särskilt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda omfattningen av en stadfästelsedoms negativa rättskraft då förlikningsavtalet innehåller supplerande moment. Framställningen ämnar uppmärksamma de rättskraftsproblem som kan uppstå vid stadfästelse av ett förlikningsavtal som innehåller supplerande moment. Av särskild relevans för syftet är att utreda om det finns en yttre gräns för vilka supplerande moment som omfattas av stadfästelsedomens rättskraft, och i sådana fall, vilka krav som uppställs på momenten som omfattas av rättskraften. De supplerande moment som i praxis prövats av domstol har haft koppling till det tvistiga rättsförhållandet mellan parterna. Frågan uppkommer således hur rättskraften påverkas av att parter tillför ett supplerande moment till sitt förlikningsavtal som inte har koppling till samma rättsförhållande.

I praxis uppställs ett tydlighetskrav på supplerande moment för att de ska omfattas av stadfästelsedomens rättskraft. Det krävs att momentet är tydligt formulerat och att innehållet i momentet kan fastställas. Högsta domstolen framställde i NJA 2017 s. 659 ytterligare ett krav för att supplerande moment ska omfattas av stadfästelsedomens rättskraft. Den tvistiga frågan som framgår av käromålet måste ha förlikts genom momentet. Tolkas resonemanget utifrån sin ordalydelse uppställs ett krav på att supplerande moment ska innehålla en lösning på det ursprungliga processföremålet för att få rättsverkan. Kravet kan inte anses förenligt med definitionen av supplerande moment.

Oavsett hur Högsta domstolens resonemang tolkas ges inte svar på frågan om samtliga supplerande moment erhåller rättskraft förutsatt att de uppfyller tydlighetskravet, och ett eventuellt krav på koppling/lösning av processföremålet. En yttre gräns för i vilken omfattning supplerande moment erhåller stadfästelsedomens rättskraft framgår inte av lag och är inte heller klarlagt i praxis.

Processavtal är avtal eller avtalsvillkor vars syfte är att reglera processuella frågor. För att ett processavtal ska kunna få processuella rättsverkningar krävs att det finns lagstöd för sådana verkningar, detta enligt den processuella ogiltighetsprincipen. Det förekommer att parter i förlikningsavtal inkorporerar en slutregleringsklausul. Slutregleringsklausuler som tillförs förlikningsavtal utgör supplerande moment. Klausulens syfte är att förlikningsavtalet ska medföra att parters samtliga mellanhavanden är slutligt reglerade. Om stadfästelsedomen utgör ett processhinder på grund av slutregleringsklausulen utgör klausulen ett processavtal. Parter har då indirekt skapat ett processhinder. Frågan uppkommer om en sådan omfattande rättskraft till följd av det supplerande momentet strider mot den processuella ogiltighetsprincipen.


För att besvara frågor om hur rättskraften av supplerande moment ska fastställas krävs att Högsta domstolen fastslår en yttre gräns för vilka supplerande moment som omfattas av stadfästelsedomens rättskraft och vilka som inte gör det. Av domstolens resonemang bör det framgå vilka krav bedömningen grundas på. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Persson, Towa LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Supplementary elements and legal force - An analysis of the extent to which supplementary elements obtain the legal force of a confirmation judgement
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
civilrätt, supplerande moment, rättskraft, slutregleringsklausul, förlikningsavtal, förlikning, särskild medling, förlikningsöverenskommelse, NJA 2017 s. 659
language
Swedish
id
9142810
date added to LUP
2024-01-19 12:56:37
date last changed
2024-01-19 12:56:37
@misc{9142810,
  abstract     = {{Alternative forms of dispute resolution have gained increasing significance in Swedish procedural law, and it have drawn varied responses. It is common for parties, despite having initiated court proceedings, to reach a settlement agreement in which they ask the court to confirm by delivering judgement. Like other civil judgements, a confirmation judgement attains legal force. The res judicata effect means that the dispute between the parties is finally settled. A cause of claim may not be litigated more than once.

Parties bear responsibility for the content of the settlement agreement which have offered them a broad opportunity to add legal matters beyond the original dispute. Such legal matters are called supplementary elements. Incorporated through case law these supplementary elements are subject to the res judicata effect of the confirmation judgement. Such an arrangement allows the parties to determine the scope of res judicata by contractual agreement, raising concerns about the potential breadth of its impact. If parties can control the res judicata of a confirmation judgement, there is a risk that the effect of res judicata will be too broad. The parties may thus lose future rights to judicial review. 

The institution of res judicata is, and has been, highly debated in the civil procedural law literature. Despite the extensive discussion, the extent of the legal force of supplementary elements has not received much consideration in the legal literature. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the extent of the legal effect of a confirmation judgement when the settlement agreement contains supplementary elements. The thesis highlights the res judicata issues that may arise when confirming a settlement agreement that contains supplementary elements. Of relevance to the purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether there is an outer limit to the supplementary elements that may be covered by the res judicata of the confirmation judgement, and if so, what the requirements are imposed on the supplementary elements covered by the res judicata. The supplementary elements examined by the court in previous cases have been linked to the disputed legal relationship between the parties. The thesis explores how res judicata is affected when parties introduce a supplementary element unrelated to the initial legal relationship. 

It follows from case law that clarity is a prerequisite for supplementary elements to be subject to the legal force of the judgement. It is required that the element is clearly formulated and their content determinable. A 2017 Supreme Court case introduced an additional requirement. The supplementary element must resolve the disputed issue in the claim to have legal effect. The requirement cannot be considered compatible with the definition of a supplementary element. 

Regardless of the interpretation of the Supreme Court’s reasoning, it does not address whether all supplementary elements gain legal effect if they meet the clarity requirement and a potential requirement for a solution of the subject matter of the proceedings. An outer limit to the extent to which supplementary elements acquire the legal force of the confirmation judgement is not stated in law, nor is it clarified in any guiding case law. 

Procedural agreements, governing procedural aspects, require legal support for their procedural effects under the principle of procedural invalidity. The parties sometimes incorporate a final settlement clause in settlement agreements. Final settlement clauses added to a settlement agreement constitute a supplementary element. The purpose of the clause is to ensure that the settlement agreement results in the final settlement of all the parties’ disputes. If the judgement constitutes a procedural obstacle because of the final settlement clause, the clause constitutes a procedural agreement. The parties have then indirectly created a procedural obstacle. The question arises as to how the legal force is affected when parties introduce a supplementary element into their settlement agreement that is not related to the same legal relationship. Is such extensive res judicata resulting from the supplementary element contrary to the principle of procedural invalidity?

To answer the question about how the legal force of supplementary elements is to be determined it is necessary for the Supreme Court to establish an outer limit for which supplementary elements are subject to the legal force of the confirmation judgement and which are not. The reasoning of the court should be accompanied by clear criteria guiding on which the assessment is based.}},
  author       = {{Persson, Towa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Supplerande moment och rättskraft - En analys av i vilken utsträckning supplerande moment erhåller stadfästelsedomens rättskraft}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}