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Ett bortglömt brottsoffer - Om svårigheterna med bedömningen av en anstiftares ansvar vid gärningspersonens error in persona

Håkanson, Ebba LU (2023) LAGF03 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The discussion regarding a long-debated legal phenomenon, aberratio ictus, reached its climax in the year of 2022. During that year, the Supreme Court granted leave to appeal in a case concerning just this; an individual had persuaded one or more shooters to kill a person, after which the perpetrator mistakenly confused the target with another person. To further complicate an already complex issue, the person who was inadvertently killed was a friend of the instigator. The legal question regarding the instigator's responsibility in such a situation was left unanswered in Swedish legal precedent. A case like this had never before reached the highest instance, but the legal situation would now be clarified.
Historically, two main models... (More)
The discussion regarding a long-debated legal phenomenon, aberratio ictus, reached its climax in the year of 2022. During that year, the Supreme Court granted leave to appeal in a case concerning just this; an individual had persuaded one or more shooters to kill a person, after which the perpetrator mistakenly confused the target with another person. To further complicate an already complex issue, the person who was inadvertently killed was a friend of the instigator. The legal question regarding the instigator's responsibility in such a situation was left unanswered in Swedish legal precedent. A case like this had never before reached the highest instance, but the legal situation would now be clarified.
Historically, two main models have offered different ways to resolve a situation like this. The first is called the speciality model and involves treating situations of aberratio ictus as attempts of intentional crimes concerning the intended target, combined with a negligent crime against the actual victim. The instigator of such a crime is thus held responsible for the specific intent he had at the time of the crime.
The opposing model is called the equivalence model, whereby the perpetrator's intent is instead linked to the necessary prerequisites set out in the legal text. The paragraph regulating murder is generally formulated as "whoever deprives another of life..." and thus does not require a specific person but only that the objects in a criminal law sense are equivalent. In other words, the equivalence model requires, spoken in simplified terms, that an instigator has intent for a murder to be committed, and if the instigated perpetrator murders another person, the instigator can still be held responsible for this.
The case brought to trial in the Supreme Court has been extensively discussed in the lower instances; arguments for and against the different models have been interchanged with legal principles, foreign rulings, and other creative solutions. The District Court considered that the situation constituted a case of aberratio ictus to be assessed according to the equivalence model. According to their assessment, the instigator could not be held responsible for the death of the friend. Still, the Court of Appeal disagreed, preferring the speciality model. The Court of Appeal believed it had found the solution in a legal case from Germany ruled over a hundred years ago. The Supreme Court partially agreed with the German solution but still overturned the Court of Appeal's judgment. That said, the Supreme Court was not in full agreement with the District Court, even though consensus now is that the equivalence model is applied in similar situations.
In this essay, the proposed solutions are analyzed using the legal dogmatic method to determine whether the solution presented by the Supreme Court is satisfactory or not. The pros and cons of the various judgments and solution models are weighed against each other, and my conclusion is that the only acceptable approach in a modern legal state is to prioritize the rights of crime victims to redress and compensation when that possibility exists. The lack of a crime victim perspective in the Supreme Court's judgment is noticeable. For that reason and several others I find, contrary to the Supreme Court's decision, that the specialty model should be used in cases like this. The instigator should be held accountable for - and be convicted for - the crimes he has caused.
Historically, two main models have offered different ways to resolve a situation like this. The first is called the speciality model and involves treating situations of aberratio ictus as attempts of intentional crimes concerning the intended target, combined with a negligent crime against the actual victim. The instigator of such a crime is thus held responsible for the specific intent he had at the time of the crime.
The opposing model is called the equivalence model, whereby the perpetrator's intent is instead linked to the necessary prerequisites set out in the legal text. The paragraph regulating murder is generally formulated as "whoever deprives another of life..." and thus does not require a specific person but only that the objects in a criminal law sense are equivalent. In other words, the equivalence model requires, spoken in simplified terms, that an instigator has intent for a murder to be committed, and if the instigated perpetrator murders another person, the instigator can still be held responsible for this.
The case brought to trial in the Supreme Court has been extensively discussed in the lower instances; arguments for and against the different models have been interchanged with legal principles, foreign rulings, and other creative solutions. The District Court considered that the situation constituted a case of aberratio ictus to be assessed according to the equivalence model. According to their assessment, the instigator could not be held responsible for the death of the friend. Still, the Court of Appeal disagreed, preferring the speciality model. The Court of Appeal believed it had found the solution in a legal case from Germany ruled over a hundred years ago. The Supreme Court partially agreed with the German solution but still overturned the Court of Appeal's judgment. That said, the Supreme Court was not in full
4
agreement with the District Court, even though consensus now is that the equivalence model is applied in similar situations.
This essay analyses the resolution models mentioned to determine whether the solution presented by the Supreme Court is satisfactory or not. My conclusion is that the only acceptable approach in a modern legal state is to prioritize the crime victim's right to redemption and compensation when that option exists. For this and several other reasons, contrary to the Supreme Court's decision, the speciality model should be used in cases like this. The instigator should be convicted of the crimes he caused. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Diskussionen gällande ett sedan länge omstritt juridiskt fenomen, aberratio ictus, nådde sin kulmen år 2022. Då beviljade HD prövningstillstånd i ett mål gällande just detta; en person hade förmått en eller flera skyttar att skjuta ihjäl en person varpå gärningsmannen sedan förväxlade måltavlan med en annan. För att ytterligare komplicera en av sin natur redan komplex fråga var personen som istället sköts ihjäl en vän till anstiftaren. Rättsfrågan gällande anstiftarens ansvar i en sådan situation erbjöds inget svar i svensk praxis. Ett fall likt detta hade aldrig tidigare nått högsta instans, men rättsläget skulle nu klargöras.

Historiskt sett har två huvudsakliga lösningsmodeller erbjudit olika sätt att lösa en sådan uppkommen... (More)
Diskussionen gällande ett sedan länge omstritt juridiskt fenomen, aberratio ictus, nådde sin kulmen år 2022. Då beviljade HD prövningstillstånd i ett mål gällande just detta; en person hade förmått en eller flera skyttar att skjuta ihjäl en person varpå gärningsmannen sedan förväxlade måltavlan med en annan. För att ytterligare komplicera en av sin natur redan komplex fråga var personen som istället sköts ihjäl en vän till anstiftaren. Rättsfrågan gällande anstiftarens ansvar i en sådan situation erbjöds inget svar i svensk praxis. Ett fall likt detta hade aldrig tidigare nått högsta instans, men rättsläget skulle nu klargöras.

Historiskt sett har två huvudsakliga lösningsmodeller erbjudit olika sätt att lösa en sådan uppkommen situation. Den första kallas specialitetsmodellen och innebär att situationer där aberratio ictus föreligger bör behandlas som försök till uppsåtligt brott rörande den tilltänkta måltavlan i kombination med ett oaktsamhetsbrott gentemot det faktiska offret. Anstiftaren till ett sådant brott hålls således ansvarig för det specifika uppsåt han hade vid brottstillfället.

Motpolen kallas ekvivalensmodellen där gärningspersonens uppsåt istället kopplas till de rekvisit som uppställs i lagtexten. Paragrafen som reglerar mord är generellt uttryckt; “den som berövar annan livet…” och ställer således inga krav på en konkret person, endast att objekten i straffrättslig mening är likvärdiga. Med andra ord kräver ekvivalensmodellen väldigt förenklat att en anstiftare har uppsåt till att ett mord begås och om den anstiftade gärningspersonen mördar en annan person kan anstiftaren likväl hållas ansvarig för detta.

Målet som togs upp till prövning i högsta domstolen har diskuterats ingående i underinstanserna; för- och motargument för de olika lösningsmodellerna har varvats med rättsprinciper, utländska avgöranden och andra kreativa förklaringsmetoder. Tingsrätten ansåg att situationen utgjorde ett fall av aberratio ictus som skulle bedömas enligt ekvivalens- modellen. Enligt deras bedömning kunde anstiftaren således inte hållas ansvarig för sin väns död, vilket hovrätten inte höll med om utan föredrog specialitetsmodellen. Hovrätten trodde sig istället ha funnit lösningen i ett över hundra år gammalt rättsfall från Tyskland. Högsta domstolen höll delvis med om den tyska lösningen, men ändrade trots det hovrättens dom. Med det sagt var högsta domstolen inte enig med tingsrätten, trots att konsensus nu får anses vara att ekvivalensmodellen är den som tillämpas vid liknande situationer.

I denna uppsats analyseras de lösningsmodeller som nu nämnts med hjälp av den rättsdogmatiska metoden för att komma fram till huruvida den av högsta domstolen presenterade lösningen är tillfredsställande eller ej. För- och nackdelar med de olika domsluten och lösningsmodellerna vägs mot varandra, och min slutsats blir att det enda acceptabla i en modern rättsstat är att brottsutsattas rätt till upprättelse och ersättning ges företräde när den möjligheten finns. Avsaknaden av ett brottsofferperspektiv i HD:s dom är märkbar. Av den och flera andra anledningar bör - tvärtemot vad högsta domstolen beslutat - specialitetsmodellen användas i fall likt detta. Anstiftaren bör hållas ansvarig för - och dömas för - de brott han orsakat.
Historiskt sett har två huvudsakliga lösningsmodeller erbjudit olika sätt att lösa en sådan uppkommen situation. Den första kallas specialitetsmodellen och innebär att situationer där aberratio ictus föreligger bör behandlas som försök till uppsåtligt brott rörande den tilltänkta måltavlan i kombination med ett oaktsamhetsbrott gentemot det faktiska offret. Anstiftaren till ett sådant brott hålls således ansvarig för det specifika uppsåt han hade vid brottstillfället.
Motpolen kallas ekvivalensmodellen där gärningspersonens uppsåt istället kopplas till de rekvisit som uppställs i lagtexten. Paragrafen som reglerar mord är generellt uttryckt; “den som berövar annan livet...” och ställer således inga krav på en konkret person, endast att objekten i straffrättslig mening är likvärdiga. Med andra ord kräver ekvivalensmodellen väldigt förenklat att en anstiftare har uppsåt till att ett mord begås och om den anstiftade gärningspersonen mördar en annan person kan anstiftaren likväl hållas ansvarig för detta.
Målet som togs upp till prövning i högsta domstolen har diskuterats ingående i underinstanserna; för- och motargument för de olika lösningsmodellerna har varvats med rättsprinciper, utländska avgöranden och andra kreativa förklaringsmetoder. Tingsrätten ansåg att situationen utgjorde ett fall av aberratio ictus som skulle bedömas enligt ekvivalens- modellen. Enligt deras bedömning kunde anstiftaren således inte hållas ansvarig för sin väns död, vilket hovrätten inte höll med om utan föredrog specialitetsmodellen. Hovrätten trodde sig istället ha funnit lösningen i ett över hundra år gammalt rättsfall från Tyskland. Högsta domstolen höll delvis med om den tyska lösningen, men ändrade trots det hovrättens dom. Med det sagt var högsta domstolen inte enig med tingsrätten, trots att konsensus nu får anses vara att ekvivalensmodellen är den som tillämpas vid liknande situationer.
6
I denna uppsats analyseras de lösningsmodeller som nu nämnts för att komma fram till huruvida den av högsta domstolen presenterade lösningen är tillfredsställande eller ej. Min slutsats blir att det enda acceptabla i en modern rättsstat är att brottsutsattas rätt till upprättelse och ersättning ges företräde när den möjligheten finns. Av den och flera andra anledningar bör - tvärtemot vad högsta domstolen beslutat - specialitetsmodellen användas i fall likt detta. Anstiftaren bör dömas för de brott han orsakat. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Håkanson, Ebba LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20232
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
straffrätt, aberratio ictus, error in persona
language
Swedish
id
9143614
date added to LUP
2024-02-02 12:13:35
date last changed
2024-02-02 12:13:35
@misc{9143614,
  abstract     = {{The discussion regarding a long-debated legal phenomenon, aberratio ictus, reached its climax in the year of 2022. During that year, the Supreme Court granted leave to appeal in a case concerning just this; an individual had persuaded one or more shooters to kill a person, after which the perpetrator mistakenly confused the target with another person. To further complicate an already complex issue, the person who was inadvertently killed was a friend of the instigator. The legal question regarding the instigator's responsibility in such a situation was left unanswered in Swedish legal precedent. A case like this had never before reached the highest instance, but the legal situation would now be clarified.
Historically, two main models have offered different ways to resolve a situation like this. The first is called the speciality model and involves treating situations of aberratio ictus as attempts of intentional crimes concerning the intended target, combined with a negligent crime against the actual victim. The instigator of such a crime is thus held responsible for the specific intent he had at the time of the crime.
The opposing model is called the equivalence model, whereby the perpetrator's intent is instead linked to the necessary prerequisites set out in the legal text. The paragraph regulating murder is generally formulated as "whoever deprives another of life..." and thus does not require a specific person but only that the objects in a criminal law sense are equivalent. In other words, the equivalence model requires, spoken in simplified terms, that an instigator has intent for a murder to be committed, and if the instigated perpetrator murders another person, the instigator can still be held responsible for this.
The case brought to trial in the Supreme Court has been extensively discussed in the lower instances; arguments for and against the different models have been interchanged with legal principles, foreign rulings, and other creative solutions. The District Court considered that the situation constituted a case of aberratio ictus to be assessed according to the equivalence model. According to their assessment, the instigator could not be held responsible for the death of the friend. Still, the Court of Appeal disagreed, preferring the speciality model. The Court of Appeal believed it had found the solution in a legal case from Germany ruled over a hundred years ago. The Supreme Court partially agreed with the German solution but still overturned the Court of Appeal's judgment. That said, the Supreme Court was not in full agreement with the District Court, even though consensus now is that the equivalence model is applied in similar situations.
In this essay, the proposed solutions are analyzed using the legal dogmatic method to determine whether the solution presented by the Supreme Court is satisfactory or not. The pros and cons of the various judgments and solution models are weighed against each other, and my conclusion is that the only acceptable approach in a modern legal state is to prioritize the rights of crime victims to redress and compensation when that possibility exists. The lack of a crime victim perspective in the Supreme Court's judgment is noticeable. For that reason and several others I find, contrary to the Supreme Court's decision, that the specialty model should be used in cases like this. The instigator should be held accountable for - and be convicted for - the crimes he has caused.
Historically, two main models have offered different ways to resolve a situation like this. The first is called the speciality model and involves treating situations of aberratio ictus as attempts of intentional crimes concerning the intended target, combined with a negligent crime against the actual victim. The instigator of such a crime is thus held responsible for the specific intent he had at the time of the crime.
The opposing model is called the equivalence model, whereby the perpetrator's intent is instead linked to the necessary prerequisites set out in the legal text. The paragraph regulating murder is generally formulated as "whoever deprives another of life..." and thus does not require a specific person but only that the objects in a criminal law sense are equivalent. In other words, the equivalence model requires, spoken in simplified terms, that an instigator has intent for a murder to be committed, and if the instigated perpetrator murders another person, the instigator can still be held responsible for this.
The case brought to trial in the Supreme Court has been extensively discussed in the lower instances; arguments for and against the different models have been interchanged with legal principles, foreign rulings, and other creative solutions. The District Court considered that the situation constituted a case of aberratio ictus to be assessed according to the equivalence model. According to their assessment, the instigator could not be held responsible for the death of the friend. Still, the Court of Appeal disagreed, preferring the speciality model. The Court of Appeal believed it had found the solution in a legal case from Germany ruled over a hundred years ago. The Supreme Court partially agreed with the German solution but still overturned the Court of Appeal's judgment. That said, the Supreme Court was not in full
4
agreement with the District Court, even though consensus now is that the equivalence model is applied in similar situations.
This essay analyses the resolution models mentioned to determine whether the solution presented by the Supreme Court is satisfactory or not. My conclusion is that the only acceptable approach in a modern legal state is to prioritize the crime victim's right to redemption and compensation when that option exists. For this and several other reasons, contrary to the Supreme Court's decision, the speciality model should be used in cases like this. The instigator should be convicted of the crimes he caused.}},
  author       = {{Håkanson, Ebba}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ett bortglömt brottsoffer - Om svårigheterna med bedömningen av en anstiftares ansvar vid gärningspersonens error in persona}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}