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Demanding Values : Participation, empowerment, and NGOs in Bangladesh

Arvidson, Malin LU (2003) In Lund Dissertation in Sociology 51.
Abstract
The concepts participation and empowerment are frequently used in development projects in the third world. The meaning given to the concepts today signal a normative orientation, marking an alternative, people-centred approach to development. When used in development projects, the concepts demand detailed descriptions. They also demand project implementers, often local NGOs (non-government organisations), to possess certain values – commitment, solidarity, altruism. These requirements are important in order to make sure the normative meaning of the concepts is not lost on its way from policy to the grassroots.



NGOs are chosen as partners in development due to their ideological orientation. Commitment and sincerity are... (More)
The concepts participation and empowerment are frequently used in development projects in the third world. The meaning given to the concepts today signal a normative orientation, marking an alternative, people-centred approach to development. When used in development projects, the concepts demand detailed descriptions. They also demand project implementers, often local NGOs (non-government organisations), to possess certain values – commitment, solidarity, altruism. These requirements are important in order to make sure the normative meaning of the concepts is not lost on its way from policy to the grassroots.



NGOs are chosen as partners in development due to their ideological orientation. Commitment and sincerity are values that NGOs repeatedly claim as their trademarks. However, concern is being raised about changing characteristics of NGOs. Furthermore, the increasing availability of funds provided by the international donor community appears to have encouraged the emergence of NGOs with dubious intents. Discussions about the characteristics of NGOs, and about the use of participation and empowerment strategies are distinguished by a practical orientation, often promoting the strategies and NGOs as partners in development. Analyses are mainly aimed at identifying solutions that will ascertain more accurate development policies. Furthermore, the analyses are often based on experience confined to the development discourse. This means that a wider sociological perspective is neglected; the analyses prioritise accurate and detailed descriptions of the particular rather than identifying and trying to understand general social phenomena. Theoretical perspectives that emanate from empirical backgrounds that are different from the development arena, but that share a focus on similar social dilemmas, are seldom used to enhance our understanding of NGOs, or of the problematics involved with participation and empowerment strategies.



The thesis discusses the meaning ascribed to participation and empowerment, based on a review of literature and on field work in two development projects in Bangladesh. Particular focus is put on how local NGO staff relate to the values that participation and empowerment strategies demand that they possess. The NGO staff in the study exhibit ambivalent behaviour and attitudes compared to what is expected from them and to the attitudes they themselves claim to hold. In exploring the ambivalence of staff motivation and performance, it is suggested that a sociological, or academic, rather than a practically oriented approach is used. Instead of focusing on staff behaviour as such, focus is put on the general dilemma of the concept of altruism, the core value related to development NGOs. Using organisation theories, the problematic relationship between organisational control and staff is examined, with particular focus on the dilemma of controlling staff motivation in normatively oriented organisations aiming to achieve social change.



The study aims at debating and illustrating the difference between a practical and an academic analytical approach. The analysis presented has profound consequences for what expectations we may attach to development projects based on NGO implementation. It also has consequences for our expectations of participatory and empowerment strategies, which rely on implementing organisations that are characterised by altruistic motives. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Begreppen ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’ är flitigt använda inom utvecklingsprojekt i tredje världen. Den betydelse som tillskrivs begreppen idag betonar en normativ tolkning, baserad på ett alternativt perspektiv på utveckling vilket innebär utgångspunkt från de människor utvecklingsprojeket berör snarare än västerländsk kunskap och expertis. Begreppen kräver detaljerade beskrivningar när de används i utvecklingsprojekt. De kräver också att de som praktiskt utför projekten, ofta lokala NGOs (non-government organisations) bär på särskilda värden, så som solidaritet och altruism. Det är viktigt att dessa krav uppfylls i samband med användandet av ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’ för att... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Begreppen ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’ är flitigt använda inom utvecklingsprojekt i tredje världen. Den betydelse som tillskrivs begreppen idag betonar en normativ tolkning, baserad på ett alternativt perspektiv på utveckling vilket innebär utgångspunkt från de människor utvecklingsprojeket berör snarare än västerländsk kunskap och expertis. Begreppen kräver detaljerade beskrivningar när de används i utvecklingsprojekt. De kräver också att de som praktiskt utför projekten, ofta lokala NGOs (non-government organisations) bär på särskilda värden, så som solidaritet och altruism. Det är viktigt att dessa krav uppfylls i samband med användandet av ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’ för att försäkra sig om att den normativa innebörden inte förloras under färden från policy till dem projekten är ämnade för.



På grund av de värden NGOs representerar har NGOs i allt större utsträckning valts som partners i internationellt finansierade biståndsprojekt. Det hörs dock röster som uttrycker oro över förändring av dessa organisationers karakteristika. Dessutom har den ökade tillgången på resurser som kanaliseras till NGOs från internationella biståndsorgan gjort att NGOs med tvivelaktiga intentioner har dykt upp. Diskussioner som berör både NGOs’ karakteristika, och begreppen ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’, är ofta präglade av en praktisk inriktning. De syftar till att identifiera problem och ge lösningar på dessa problem, och är präglade av en vilja att marknadsföra både begreppen och NGOs som essentiella för utveckling. Analyser är baserade på erfarenheter begränsade till utvecklingsdiskursen och de prioriterar detaljerade beskrivningar av det specifika. Detta betyder att ett vidare sociologiskt perspektiv åsidosätts, som syftar till att försöka identifiera och förstå generella sociala fenomen. Teoretiska perspektiv som är grundade på empirisk erfarenhet från andra diskurser, men som delar fokus på liknande sociala fenomen, används sällan för att öka forståelsen för den problematik som användandet av ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’ strategier, eller NGOs, innebär.



Avhandlingen utforskar den betydelse som idag tillskrivs begreppen ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’ med hjälp av litteratur och fältarbete som gjorts i två biståndsprojekt i Bangladesh. Särskilt fokus sätts på hur lokala NGOs förhåller sig till de värden som ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’ strategierna kräver att de innehar. Den grupp NGO-medarbetare som studerats ger exempel på ambivalenta attityder i förhållande till vad som förväntas av dem, och i förhållande till hur de beskriver sig själva. För att förstå innebörden av denna ambivalens föreslås ett sociologiskt förhållningssätt till analysen, snarare än en praktiskt sådan. Istället för att fokusera på medarbetarnas attityder som sådana, riktas intresse mot det generella som ambivalensen ger uttryck för, dvs det dilemma det innebär att försöka kontrollera och bevara värden som altruism och solidaritet. Genom att använda organisationsteorier diskuteras förhållandet mellan kontroll och medarbetare inom organisationer, med särskilt fokus på normativt orienterade organisationer som har som mål att skapa social förändring. Studien diskuterar och illustrerar skillnaden mellan en praktiskt och en akademiskt orienterad analys. De slutsatser som presenteras har konsekvenser för vilka förväntningar vi kan ha på ‘participation’ och ‘empowerment’ strategier, och för vilka förväntningar vi kan ha på utvecklingsprojekt som baserar sig på implementering av NGOs med kravet att de skall drivas av solidaritet och altrusim snarare än av organisatoriska eller individuella egen-intressen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Doctor Lewis, David, London School of Economics, Centre for Civil Society
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Sociology, organisational control, altruism, staff motivation, organisational values, Bangladesh, NGOs, participation, empowerment, Sociologi
in
Lund Dissertation in Sociology
volume
51
pages
212 pages
publisher
Department of Sociology, Lund University
defense location
Samarkand, AF-huset, Lund
defense date
2003-03-14 10:00:00
external identifiers
  • other:ISRN: LUSADG/SASO-03/1150/SE
ISSN
1102-4712
ISBN
91-7267-138-6
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
0787867f-0414-43d4-b959-61963765a3c7 (old id 21052)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 16:43:42
date last changed
2021-11-24 16:48:58
@phdthesis{0787867f-0414-43d4-b959-61963765a3c7,
  abstract     = {{The concepts participation and empowerment are frequently used in development projects in the third world. The meaning given to the concepts today signal a normative orientation, marking an alternative, people-centred approach to development. When used in development projects, the concepts demand detailed descriptions. They also demand project implementers, often local NGOs (non-government organisations), to possess certain values – commitment, solidarity, altruism. These requirements are important in order to make sure the normative meaning of the concepts is not lost on its way from policy to the grassroots.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
NGOs are chosen as partners in development due to their ideological orientation. Commitment and sincerity are values that NGOs repeatedly claim as their trademarks. However, concern is being raised about changing characteristics of NGOs. Furthermore, the increasing availability of funds provided by the international donor community appears to have encouraged the emergence of NGOs with dubious intents. Discussions about the characteristics of NGOs, and about the use of participation and empowerment strategies are distinguished by a practical orientation, often promoting the strategies and NGOs as partners in development. Analyses are mainly aimed at identifying solutions that will ascertain more accurate development policies. Furthermore, the analyses are often based on experience confined to the development discourse. This means that a wider sociological perspective is neglected; the analyses prioritise accurate and detailed descriptions of the particular rather than identifying and trying to understand general social phenomena. Theoretical perspectives that emanate from empirical backgrounds that are different from the development arena, but that share a focus on similar social dilemmas, are seldom used to enhance our understanding of NGOs, or of the problematics involved with participation and empowerment strategies.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
The thesis discusses the meaning ascribed to participation and empowerment, based on a review of literature and on field work in two development projects in Bangladesh. Particular focus is put on how local NGO staff relate to the values that participation and empowerment strategies demand that they possess. The NGO staff in the study exhibit ambivalent behaviour and attitudes compared to what is expected from them and to the attitudes they themselves claim to hold. In exploring the ambivalence of staff motivation and performance, it is suggested that a sociological, or academic, rather than a practically oriented approach is used. Instead of focusing on staff behaviour as such, focus is put on the general dilemma of the concept of altruism, the core value related to development NGOs. Using organisation theories, the problematic relationship between organisational control and staff is examined, with particular focus on the dilemma of controlling staff motivation in normatively oriented organisations aiming to achieve social change.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
The study aims at debating and illustrating the difference between a practical and an academic analytical approach. The analysis presented has profound consequences for what expectations we may attach to development projects based on NGO implementation. It also has consequences for our expectations of participatory and empowerment strategies, which rely on implementing organisations that are characterised by altruistic motives.}},
  author       = {{Arvidson, Malin}},
  isbn         = {{91-7267-138-6}},
  issn         = {{1102-4712}},
  keywords     = {{Sociology; organisational control; altruism; staff motivation; organisational values; Bangladesh; NGOs; participation; empowerment; Sociologi}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Department of Sociology, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund Dissertation in Sociology}},
  title        = {{Demanding Values : Participation, empowerment, and NGOs in Bangladesh}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/78485129/arvidson_demanding_values_dissertation_2003.pdf}},
  volume       = {{51}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}