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The metabolic syndrome in hypertension: European society of hypertension position statement.

Redon, Josep ; Cifkova, Renata ; Laurent, Stephane ; Nilsson, Peter LU ; Narkiewicz, Krzysztof ; Erdine, Serap and Mancia, Giuseppe (2008) In Journal of Hypertension 26(10). p.1891-1900
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome considerably increases the risk of cardiovascular and renal events in hypertension. It has been associated with a wide range of classical and new cardiovascular risk factors as well as with early signs of subclinical cardiovascular and renal damage. Obesity and insulin resistance, beside a constellation of independent factors, which include molecules of hepatic, vascular, and immunologic origin with proinflammatory properties, have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The close relationships among the different components of the syndrome and their associated disturbances make it difficult to understand what the underlying causes and consequences are. At each of these key points, insulin resistance and... (More)
The metabolic syndrome considerably increases the risk of cardiovascular and renal events in hypertension. It has been associated with a wide range of classical and new cardiovascular risk factors as well as with early signs of subclinical cardiovascular and renal damage. Obesity and insulin resistance, beside a constellation of independent factors, which include molecules of hepatic, vascular, and immunologic origin with proinflammatory properties, have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The close relationships among the different components of the syndrome and their associated disturbances make it difficult to understand what the underlying causes and consequences are. At each of these key points, insulin resistance and obesity/proinflammatory molecules, interaction of demographics, lifestyle, genetic factors, and environmental fetal programming results in the final phenotype. High prevalence of end-organ damage and poor prognosis has been demonstrated in a large number of cross-sectional and a few number of prospective studies. The objective of treatment is both to reduce the high risk of a cardiovascular or a renal event and to prevent the much greater chance that metabolic syndrome patients have to develop type 2 diabetes or hypertension. Treatment consists in the opposition to the underlying mechanisms of the metabolic syndrome, adopting lifestyle interventions that effectively reduce visceral obesity with or without the use of drugs that oppose the development of insulin resistance or body weight gain. Treatment of the individual components of the syndrome is also necessary. Concerning blood pressure control, it should be based on lifestyle changes, diet, and physical exercise, which allows for weight reduction and improves muscular blood flow. When antihypertensive drugs are necessary, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II-AT1 receptor blockers, or even calcium channel blockers are preferable over diuretics and classical beta-blockers in monotherapy, if no compelling indications are present for its use. If a combination of drugs is required, low-dose diuretics can be used. A combination of thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers should be avoided. (Less)
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author
; ; ; ; ; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Journal of Hypertension
volume
26
issue
10
pages
1891 - 1900
publisher
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
external identifiers
  • wos:000259796700001
  • pmid:18806611
  • scopus:58149105520
  • pmid:18806611
ISSN
1473-5598
DOI
10.1097/HJH.0b013e328302ca38
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
2fd9bdae-cd40-48f3-bee5-fb11a2c02246 (old id 1242798)
alternative location
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806611?dopt=Abstract
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 13:41:52
date last changed
2022-03-29 08:48:53
@article{2fd9bdae-cd40-48f3-bee5-fb11a2c02246,
  abstract     = {{The metabolic syndrome considerably increases the risk of cardiovascular and renal events in hypertension. It has been associated with a wide range of classical and new cardiovascular risk factors as well as with early signs of subclinical cardiovascular and renal damage. Obesity and insulin resistance, beside a constellation of independent factors, which include molecules of hepatic, vascular, and immunologic origin with proinflammatory properties, have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The close relationships among the different components of the syndrome and their associated disturbances make it difficult to understand what the underlying causes and consequences are. At each of these key points, insulin resistance and obesity/proinflammatory molecules, interaction of demographics, lifestyle, genetic factors, and environmental fetal programming results in the final phenotype. High prevalence of end-organ damage and poor prognosis has been demonstrated in a large number of cross-sectional and a few number of prospective studies. The objective of treatment is both to reduce the high risk of a cardiovascular or a renal event and to prevent the much greater chance that metabolic syndrome patients have to develop type 2 diabetes or hypertension. Treatment consists in the opposition to the underlying mechanisms of the metabolic syndrome, adopting lifestyle interventions that effectively reduce visceral obesity with or without the use of drugs that oppose the development of insulin resistance or body weight gain. Treatment of the individual components of the syndrome is also necessary. Concerning blood pressure control, it should be based on lifestyle changes, diet, and physical exercise, which allows for weight reduction and improves muscular blood flow. When antihypertensive drugs are necessary, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II-AT1 receptor blockers, or even calcium channel blockers are preferable over diuretics and classical beta-blockers in monotherapy, if no compelling indications are present for its use. If a combination of drugs is required, low-dose diuretics can be used. A combination of thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers should be avoided.}},
  author       = {{Redon, Josep and Cifkova, Renata and Laurent, Stephane and Nilsson, Peter and Narkiewicz, Krzysztof and Erdine, Serap and Mancia, Giuseppe}},
  issn         = {{1473-5598}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{10}},
  pages        = {{1891--1900}},
  publisher    = {{Lippincott Williams & Wilkins}},
  series       = {{Journal of Hypertension}},
  title        = {{The metabolic syndrome in hypertension: European society of hypertension position statement.}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328302ca38}},
  doi          = {{10.1097/HJH.0b013e328302ca38}},
  volume       = {{26}},
  year         = {{2008}},
}