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Making hot Jupiters in stellar clusters: The importance of binary exchange

Li, Daohai LU orcid ; Mustill, Alexander J. LU orcid ; Davies, Melvyn B. LU and Gong, Yan-Xiang (2023) In Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 518(3). p.4265-4277
Abstract
It has been suggested that the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters (HJs) in open clusters might reach several per cent, significantly higher than that of the field (~a per cent). In a stellar cluster, when a planetary system scatters with a stellar binary, it may acquire a companion star, which may excite large-amplitude von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai oscillations in the planet's orbital eccentricity, triggering high-eccentricity migration, and the formation of an HJ. We quantify the efficiency of this mechanism by modelling the evolution of a gas giant around a solar mass star under the influence of successive scatterings with binary and single stars. We show that the chance that a planet ∈ (1, 10) au becomes an HJ in a Gyr in a cluster of stellar... (More)
It has been suggested that the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters (HJs) in open clusters might reach several per cent, significantly higher than that of the field (~a per cent). In a stellar cluster, when a planetary system scatters with a stellar binary, it may acquire a companion star, which may excite large-amplitude von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai oscillations in the planet's orbital eccentricity, triggering high-eccentricity migration, and the formation of an HJ. We quantify the efficiency of this mechanism by modelling the evolution of a gas giant around a solar mass star under the influence of successive scatterings with binary and single stars. We show that the chance that a planet ∈ (1, 10) au becomes an HJ in a Gyr in a cluster of stellar density n* = 50 pc-3, and binary fraction fbin = 0.5 is about 2 per cent and an additional 4 per cent are forced by the companion star into collision with or tidal disruption by the central host. An empirical fit shows that the total percentage of those outcomes asymptotically reaches an upper limit determined solely by fbin (e.g. 10 per cent at fbin = 0.3 and 18 per cent at fbin = 1) on a time-scale inversely proportional to n* (~Gyr for n* ~ 100 pc-3). The ratio of collisions to tidal disruptions is roughly a few, and depends on the tidal model. Therefore, if the giant planet occurrence rate is 10 per cent, our mechanism implies an HJ occurrence rate of a few times 0.1 per cent in a Gyr and can thus explain a substantial fraction of the observed rate. (Less)
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author
; ; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability, planets and satellites: formation, binaries: general, open clusters and associations: general, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
in
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
volume
518
issue
3
pages
13 pages
publisher
Oxford University Press
external identifiers
  • scopus:85159628068
ISSN
1365-2966
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stac3387
project
Consolidating CHEOPS and preparing for PLATO: Exoplanet studies in the 2020s
A unified picture of white dwarf planetary systems
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
26d633ef-0c7c-4d15-8bec-30b8172761a3
alternative location
https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16015
date added to LUP
2023-08-18 12:21:58
date last changed
2024-04-20 01:02:02
@article{26d633ef-0c7c-4d15-8bec-30b8172761a3,
  abstract     = {{It has been suggested that the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters (HJs) in open clusters might reach several per cent, significantly higher than that of the field (~a per cent). In a stellar cluster, when a planetary system scatters with a stellar binary, it may acquire a companion star, which may excite large-amplitude von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai oscillations in the planet's orbital eccentricity, triggering high-eccentricity migration, and the formation of an HJ. We quantify the efficiency of this mechanism by modelling the evolution of a gas giant around a solar mass star under the influence of successive scatterings with binary and single stars. We show that the chance that a planet ∈ (1, 10) au becomes an HJ in a Gyr in a cluster of stellar density n* = 50 pc-3, and binary fraction fbin = 0.5 is about 2 per cent and an additional 4 per cent are forced by the companion star into collision with or tidal disruption by the central host. An empirical fit shows that the total percentage of those outcomes asymptotically reaches an upper limit determined solely by fbin (e.g. 10 per cent at fbin = 0.3 and 18 per cent at fbin = 1) on a time-scale inversely proportional to n* (~Gyr for n* ~ 100 pc-3). The ratio of collisions to tidal disruptions is roughly a few, and depends on the tidal model. Therefore, if the giant planet occurrence rate is 10 per cent, our mechanism implies an HJ occurrence rate of a few times 0.1 per cent in a Gyr and can thus explain a substantial fraction of the observed rate.}},
  author       = {{Li, Daohai and Mustill, Alexander J. and Davies, Melvyn B. and Gong, Yan-Xiang}},
  issn         = {{1365-2966}},
  keywords     = {{planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability; planets and satellites: formation; binaries: general; open clusters and associations: general; Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies; Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{01}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{4265--4277}},
  publisher    = {{Oxford University Press}},
  series       = {{Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}},
  title        = {{Making hot Jupiters in stellar clusters: The importance of binary exchange}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3387}},
  doi          = {{10.1093/mnras/stac3387}},
  volume       = {{518}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}