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Att avlyssna folkviljan : Gallupundersökningen som ett nytt medium mellan press, politik, reklam och vetenskap, 1941–1955

Vesterlund, Eskil LU orcid (2025) In Mediehistoriskt arkiv 62.
Abstract
This thesis examines the introduction and impact of opinion polling in Sweden during the mid-twentieth century, focusing on the activities of the Swedish Gallup Institute (Svenska Gallupinstitutet). Established in 1941 as the country’s first polling organization, the institute introduced sample surveys as a new means of representing public opinion and had a near-monopoly on polling until its decline and absorption by AC Nielsen in the mid-1950s. Adopting a media-historical perspective further informed by the history of knowledge, and science and technology studies, the study conceptualizes the Gallup poll as a medium and media boundary object that mediated society across multiple societal domains.

Drawing on a wide range of... (More)
This thesis examines the introduction and impact of opinion polling in Sweden during the mid-twentieth century, focusing on the activities of the Swedish Gallup Institute (Svenska Gallupinstitutet). Established in 1941 as the country’s first polling organization, the institute introduced sample surveys as a new means of representing public opinion and had a near-monopoly on polling until its decline and absorption by AC Nielsen in the mid-1950s. Adopting a media-historical perspective further informed by the history of knowledge, and science and technology studies, the study conceptualizes the Gallup poll as a medium and media boundary object that mediated society across multiple societal domains.

Drawing on a wide range of sources, including newspapers, archival materials, and market research reports, the thesis treats polls not as transparent indicators of public opinion but as media historical artefacts shaped by technological, institutional, and political contexts. Through analyses of press coverage, political debates, market research practices, and academic reception, it explores how Gallup polls were produced, circulated, and contested. Attention is paid to both the infrastructure of polling – questionnaires, punched cards, and interviewers – and its various forms of dissemination through newspapers, visualizations, and reports. The study demonstrates how polls functioned as statistical attractions in the press, instruments of political argument, tools for market research, and objects of methodological debate within the social sciences. The analysis of the Gallup poll as a media boundary object thus offers a perspective on the scientization of the social as a non-linear process of multidirectional traffic across the changing boundaries of social science.

The thesis shows how the sample surveys of the Swedish Gallup Institute introduced new ways of quantifying and visualizing society, while also provoking negotiations over their legitimacy and meaning. Ultimately, it is argued that the Gallup polls of the 1940s and 1950s did not simply reflect public opinion, but actively reconfigured the epistemological conditions for how society could be known, discussed, and governed in the postwar Swedish welfare state. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
I denna avhandling undersöks opinionsundersökningens introduktion i Sverige under mitten av 1900-talet. Fokus ligger på Svenska Gallupinstitutet AB, som 1941 etablerades som landets första opinionsinstitut och som introducerade den urvalsbaserade enkätundersökningen som ett nytt medium genom vilket den allmänna opinionen kunde representeras. De hade i princip monopol på området till 1950-talets mitt, då de absorberades av det amerikanska marknadsundersökningsföretaget AC Nielsen. Med ett mediehistoriskt perspektiv och teoretisk inspiration från Science and technology studies (STS) undersöks Gallupundersökningen som ett nytt medium och ett medialt gränsobjekt som medierade samhället i olika kontexter.

Studien utgår från ett... (More)
I denna avhandling undersöks opinionsundersökningens introduktion i Sverige under mitten av 1900-talet. Fokus ligger på Svenska Gallupinstitutet AB, som 1941 etablerades som landets första opinionsinstitut och som introducerade den urvalsbaserade enkätundersökningen som ett nytt medium genom vilket den allmänna opinionen kunde representeras. De hade i princip monopol på området till 1950-talets mitt, då de absorberades av det amerikanska marknadsundersökningsföretaget AC Nielsen. Med ett mediehistoriskt perspektiv och teoretisk inspiration från Science and technology studies (STS) undersöks Gallupundersökningen som ett nytt medium och ett medialt gränsobjekt som medierade samhället i olika kontexter.

Studien utgår från ett heterogent källmaterial bestående av bland annat tidningsartiklar, arkivmaterial och marknadsundersökningsrapporter. I studien behandlas opinionsundersökningar inte som källor till kunskap om den allmänna opinionen, utan som historiska kvarlevor formade av sina teknologiska, institutionella och politiska kontexter. Genom analyser av press, politiska debatter, marknadsundersökningstekniker och akademiskt mottagande analyseras det hur Gallupundersökningar producerades, cirkulerade och debatterades i olika sammanhang. Såväl undersökningarnas infrastrukturer – formulär, hålkort, intervjuare – som formerna för dess spridning och visualisering behandlas. Studien demonstrerar hur Gallupundersökningarna fungerade som en statistisk attraktion i pressen, politiska slagträn i debatter, verktyg för marknadsundersökning och föremål för metodologiska debatter i samhällsvetenskapen. Analysen av Gallupundersökningen som ett medialt gränsobjekt ger således ett perspektiv på samhällets förvetenskapligande som en icke-linjär process, med trafik i flera riktningar över samhällsvetenskapens föränderliga gränser.

Avhandlingen visar hur Svenska Gallupinstitutets undersökningar utgjorde ett nytt sätt att kvantifiera och visualisera samhället, samtidigt som de också gav upphov till förhandlingar över legitimiteten i dess representationsformer. Ett övergripande argument i avhandlingen är att 1940- och 1950-talets Gallupundersökningar inte bara speglade tidens opinioner, utan aktivt förändrade de epistemologiska villkoren för hur samhället kunde kännas till, diskuteras och styras i den svenska efterkrigstiden. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • professor Harvard, Jonas, Mittuniversitetet
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
opinionsundersökning, marknadsundersökning, kvantifiering, mediering, medialt gränsobjekt, mediehistoria, kunskapshistoria, reklamhistoria, Samhällsvetenskapernas historia, opinion poll, Market research, quantification, mediation, media boundary object, media history, history of knowledge, history of advertising, history of social science
in
Mediehistoriskt arkiv
volume
62
pages
334 pages
publisher
Föreningen Mediehistoriskt arkiv, Lund
defense location
C121, LUX, Helgonavägen 3, Lund
defense date
2025-10-24 10:15:00
ISSN
1654-6601
1654-6601
ISBN
978-91-988798-4-1
978-91-988798-5-8
DOI
10.54292/mv12g08za4
project
Mediating public opinion: The Gallup poll between statistical attraction and science, 1941-1955
language
Swedish
LU publication?
yes
id
32603a5c-6a67-4ef2-951e-9bd13dbc3e4f
date added to LUP
2025-09-23 13:52:16
date last changed
2025-10-03 11:10:37
@phdthesis{32603a5c-6a67-4ef2-951e-9bd13dbc3e4f,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines the introduction and impact of opinion polling in Sweden during the mid-twentieth century, focusing on the activities of the Swedish Gallup Institute (Svenska Gallupinstitutet). Established in 1941 as the country’s first polling organization, the institute introduced sample surveys as a new means of representing public opinion and had a near-monopoly on polling until its decline and absorption by AC Nielsen in the mid-1950s. Adopting a media-historical perspective further informed by the history of knowledge, and science and technology studies, the study conceptualizes the Gallup poll as a medium and media boundary object that mediated society across multiple societal domains.<br/><br/>Drawing on a wide range of sources, including newspapers, archival materials, and market research reports, the thesis treats polls not as transparent indicators of public opinion but as media historical artefacts shaped by technological, institutional, and political contexts. Through analyses of press coverage, political debates, market research practices, and academic reception, it explores how Gallup polls were produced, circulated, and contested. Attention is paid to both the infrastructure of polling – questionnaires, punched cards, and interviewers – and its various forms of dissemination through newspapers, visualizations, and reports. The study demonstrates how polls functioned as statistical attractions in the press, instruments of political argument, tools for market research, and objects of methodological debate within the social sciences. The analysis of the Gallup poll as a media boundary object thus offers a perspective on the scientization of the social as a non-linear process of multidirectional traffic across the changing boundaries of social science.<br/><br/>The thesis shows how the sample surveys of the Swedish Gallup Institute introduced new ways of quantifying and visualizing society, while also provoking negotiations over their legitimacy and meaning. Ultimately, it is argued that the Gallup polls of the 1940s and 1950s did not simply reflect public opinion, but actively reconfigured the epistemological conditions for how society could be known, discussed, and governed in the postwar Swedish welfare state.}},
  author       = {{Vesterlund, Eskil}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-988798-4-1}},
  issn         = {{1654-6601}},
  keywords     = {{opinionsundersökning; marknadsundersökning; kvantifiering; mediering; medialt gränsobjekt; mediehistoria; kunskapshistoria; reklamhistoria; Samhällsvetenskapernas historia; opinion poll; Market research; quantification; mediation; media boundary object; media history; history of knowledge; history of advertising; history of social science}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  month        = {{09}},
  publisher    = {{Föreningen Mediehistoriskt arkiv, Lund}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Mediehistoriskt arkiv}},
  title        = {{Att avlyssna folkviljan : Gallupundersökningen som ett nytt medium mellan press, politik, reklam och vetenskap, 1941–1955}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/228963387/vesterlund_att_avlyssna_folkviljan.pdf}},
  doi          = {{10.54292/mv12g08za4}},
  volume       = {{62}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}