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Managing chemotherapy risks : Learning from medication errors and developing a national knowledge source for chemotherapy regimens

Fyhr, Ann-Sofie LU (2022)
Abstract
The basics in cancer treatment are surgery, radiation therapy, and treatment with cancer drugs, often combined. Chemotherapy regimens that define the drugs used, the dosage, the frequency and duration of drug administration, have been developed and used for different cancer diagnoses. Several healthcare professionals are involved in the treatment: the physician prescribing the drugs, the pharmacist preparing or dispensing the drugs, and finally, the nurse or the patient administering the drugs. Chemotherapy errors that can occur during the treatment represent potential risks for severe patient harm. The aims of this PhD thesis were to increase knowledge about serious medication errors (MEs) in chemotherapy and to develop, implement, and... (More)
The basics in cancer treatment are surgery, radiation therapy, and treatment with cancer drugs, often combined. Chemotherapy regimens that define the drugs used, the dosage, the frequency and duration of drug administration, have been developed and used for different cancer diagnoses. Several healthcare professionals are involved in the treatment: the physician prescribing the drugs, the pharmacist preparing or dispensing the drugs, and finally, the nurse or the patient administering the drugs. Chemotherapy errors that can occur during the treatment represent potential risks for severe patient harm. The aims of this PhD thesis were to increase knowledge about serious medication errors (MEs) in chemotherapy and to develop, implement, and evaluate a national knowledge source for chemotherapy regimens (an e-library) that can support healthcare professionals and mitigate patient safety risks.
The characteristics of MEs with parenteral cytotoxic drugs were identified in a retrospective qualitative analysis of 60 cases reported to the Swedish national incident reporting systems 1996-2008. The drugs most involved were fluorouracil, carboplatin, and cytarabine. The largest ME categories included too high doses originating from prescribing, and the wrong drug used during preparation or prescription. Twenty-five of the 60 MEs occurred when physicians were prescribing. Another 25 occurred within the pharmacies. The remaining 10 MEs occurred when the nurses prepared or administered the drug. All the drugs with MEs that occurred during prescription were delivered to the patients. The consequences were especially severe in these cases, including death and harm to the patients. The general failure types (GFTs) and active failures were identified in the 60 cases to better understand why these errors happened. The most frequently encountered GFTs were in Defences (e.g., missed double checking of the patient’s or the drug’s identity) and Procedures (e.g., routines that were lacking or insufficient). Working conditions were a common denominator, often underlying the MEs. Examples were high workloads, and low staffing.
A national e-library for chemotherapy regimens with standardised nomenclature and content was developed in close co-operation with healthcare professionals in an iterative process within the Swedish Regional Cancer Centres. The national e-library is a knowledge source containing updated regimens and other supportive information based on the latest evidence, available at: https://kunskapsbanken.cancercentrum.se. To ensure that the design and content complied with the users’ needs, the usage and usability of the national e-library were evaluated using mixed methods. Statistics from the website show an average of just over 2,500 visits and 870 unique visitors per month. The web survey, with 292 answers, showed that the visitors were mainly physicians and nurses. Almost 80% searched for regimens, and 90% found what they were looking for and were satisfied with their visit. An expert evaluation showed that the e-library follows many existing design principles. Qualitative interviews with 4 nurses, 3 physicians, and 3 pharmacists revealed various ways to use the information in the regimens. Users have different needs depending on their profession and their workplace, and the e-library can support these different needs. The national e-library was used in the intended way, and the users were able to interact without any problems.
The research in this thesis shows that it is of utmost importance to minimise the potential for errors in the prescribing stage and that a common denominator behind the errors often was working conditions. Today’s Swedish national e-library for chemotherapy regimens contains information based on the latest evidence, is embedded in a national quality system, and contributes to organisational and national learning, ultimately supporting healthcare professionals in managing chemotherapy risks.
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Abstract (Swedish)
Grunderna i cancerbehandling är kirurgi, strålterapi och behandling med cancerläkemedel, ofta i kombination med varandra. Regimer med cancerläkemedel som definierar det eller de läkemedel som används, deras doser, hur ofta och hur länge de ska ges, har utvecklats och används för olika cancerdiagnoser. Flera professioner inom sjukvården är involverade i behandlingen: läkaren som ordinerar läkemedlen, farmaceuten som bereder eller delar ut läkemedlen och slutligen sjuksköterskan eller patienten som administrerar läkemedlen. Fel som kan uppstå vid behandling med cancerläkemedel utgör en potentiell risk för allvarliga patientskador. Syftet med denna doktorsavhandling har varit att öka kunskapen om allvarliga medicineringsfel med... (More)
Grunderna i cancerbehandling är kirurgi, strålterapi och behandling med cancerläkemedel, ofta i kombination med varandra. Regimer med cancerläkemedel som definierar det eller de läkemedel som används, deras doser, hur ofta och hur länge de ska ges, har utvecklats och används för olika cancerdiagnoser. Flera professioner inom sjukvården är involverade i behandlingen: läkaren som ordinerar läkemedlen, farmaceuten som bereder eller delar ut läkemedlen och slutligen sjuksköterskan eller patienten som administrerar läkemedlen. Fel som kan uppstå vid behandling med cancerläkemedel utgör en potentiell risk för allvarliga patientskador. Syftet med denna doktorsavhandling har varit att öka kunskapen om allvarliga medicineringsfel med cancerläkemedel och att utveckla, implementera och utvärdera en nationell kunskapskälla för läkemedelsregimer (ett regimbibliotek) som kan stödja sjukvårdspersonalen och mildra patientsäkerhetsriskerna.
Egenskaperna hos medicineringsfel med parenterala cytotoxiska läkemedel identifierades i en retrospektiv kvalitativ analys av 60 fall som rapporterats till de svenska nationella rapporteringssystemen för allvarliga felhändelser under 1996–2008. De läkemedel som förekom oftast var fluorouracil, karboplatin och cytarabin. De vanligaste typerna av medicineringsfel var för höga doser som ordinerats och fel läkemedel som användes vid beredning eller ordination. Tjugofem av de 60 medicineringsfelen inträffade vid läkarens ordination. Ytterligare 25 av de 60 inträffade vid beredning på apoteken, och de återstående 10 inträffade när sjuksköterskorna beredde eller administrerade läkemedel. Alla medicineringsfelen som skedde vid ordination nådde fram till patienterna och konsekvenserna blev där särskilt allvarliga, inklusive dödsfall och skador. De bakomliggande orsakerna och de aktiva felen identifierades i de 60 fallen för att bättre förstå varför dessa medicineringsfel inträffade. De vanligast förekommande bakomliggande orsakerna gällde Barriärer (t. ex. missades att dubbelkontrollera patientens eller läkemedlets identitet) och Procedurer (t. ex. rutiner som saknades eller var otillräckliga). Arbetsförhållandena var en gemensam nämnare som ofta låg till grund för de bakomliggande orsakerna. Exempel på detta var hög arbetsbelastning och låg bemanning.
Ett Nationellt regimbibliotek för cancerläkemedel med standardiserad nomenklatur och innehåll har utvecklats inom de Regionala Cancercentrumen i samverkan. Utvecklingen har skett i nära samarbete med professionerna inom sjukvården i en iterativ process. Det Nationella regimbiblioteket är en kunskapskälla som innehåller uppdaterade regimer och annan stödjande information baserat på senaste evidens och finns tillgängligt via https://kunskapsbanken.cancercentrum.se. För att säkerställa att utformningen och innehållet överensstämmer med användarnas behov utvärderades användningen och användbarheten av det Nationella regimbiblioteket med hjälp av olika metoder. Statistik från webbplatsen visade att den i genomsnitt har drygt 2 500 besök och 870 unika besökare per månad. En webbenkät med 292 svar visade att besökarna främst var läkare och sjuksköterskor. Nästan 80 % sökte efter regimer, och 90 % hittade vad de sökte och var nöjda med sitt besök. En expertutvärdering visade att regimbiblioteket följer många befintliga designprinciper. Kvalitativa intervjuer med 4 sjuksköterskor, 3 läkare och 3 farmaceuter visade att informationen i regimerna används på olika sätt. Användarna har olika behov beroende på profession och arbetsplats och regimbiblioteket kan stödja deras olika behov. Det Nationella regimbiblioteket används på det avsedda sättet och användarna kan interagera utan problem.
Forskningen i denna avhandling visar att det är av yttersta vikt att minimera risken för fel vid ordination av cancerläkemedel och att en gemensam nämnare bakom felen ofta var arbetsförhållandena. Dagens Nationella regimbibliotek för cancerläkemedel innehåller information som är baserad på senaste evidens, ingår i ett nationellt kvalitetssystem och bidrar till organisatoriskt och nationellt lärande, för att kunna stödja sjukvårdspersonalen att hantera patientsäkerhetsrisker vid behandling med cancerläkemedel.
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Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Prof. Böttiger, Ylva, Linköping University, Sweden.
organization
alternative title
Hantering av riskerna vid behandling med cancerläkemedel. : Lärande från läkemedelsfel och utveckling av en nationell kunskapskälla för regimer för cancerläkemedel.
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Chemotherapy, Chemotherapy regimens, Medication errors, Patient safety, e-library, Standardisation, User evaluation, Usability, Chemotherapy, Chemotherapy regimens, Medication errors, Patient safety, e-library, Standardisation, User evaluation, Usability
pages
80 pages
publisher
Lund University
defense location
Lecture Hall Stora hörsalen, IKDC, Sölvegatan 26, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Lund.
defense date
2022-04-29 09:00:00
ISBN
978-91-8039-206-8
978-91-8039-205-1
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
33d1bdbf-bf13-45a4-a4ab-3c2c820a589d
date added to LUP
2022-03-30 11:58:08
date last changed
2022-04-07 07:41:14
@phdthesis{33d1bdbf-bf13-45a4-a4ab-3c2c820a589d,
  abstract     = {{The basics in cancer treatment are surgery, radiation therapy, and treatment with cancer drugs, often combined. Chemotherapy regimens that define the drugs used, the dosage, the frequency and duration of drug administration, have been developed and used for different cancer diagnoses. Several healthcare professionals are involved in the treatment: the physician prescribing the drugs, the pharmacist preparing or dispensing the drugs, and finally, the nurse or the patient administering the drugs. Chemotherapy errors that can occur during the treatment represent potential risks for severe patient harm. The aims of this PhD thesis were to increase knowledge about serious medication errors (MEs) in chemotherapy and to develop, implement, and evaluate a national knowledge source for chemotherapy regimens (an e-library) that can support healthcare professionals and mitigate patient safety risks.<br/>The characteristics of MEs with parenteral cytotoxic drugs were identified in a retrospective qualitative analysis of 60 cases reported to the Swedish national incident reporting systems 1996-2008. The drugs most involved were fluorouracil, carboplatin, and cytarabine. The largest ME categories included too high doses originating from prescribing, and the wrong drug used during preparation or prescription. Twenty-five of the 60 MEs occurred when physicians were prescribing. Another 25 occurred within the pharmacies. The remaining 10 MEs occurred when the nurses prepared or administered the drug. All the drugs with MEs that occurred during prescription were delivered to the patients. The consequences were especially severe in these cases, including death and harm to the patients. The general failure types (GFTs) and active failures were identified in the 60 cases to better understand why these errors happened. The most frequently encountered GFTs were in Defences (e.g., missed double checking of the patient’s or the drug’s identity) and Procedures (e.g., routines that were lacking or insufficient). Working conditions were a common denominator, often underlying the MEs. Examples were high workloads, and low staffing.<br/>A national e-library for chemotherapy regimens with standardised nomenclature and content was developed in close co-operation with healthcare professionals in an iterative process within the Swedish Regional Cancer Centres. The national e-library is a knowledge source containing updated regimens and other supportive information based on the latest evidence, available at: https://kunskapsbanken.cancercentrum.se. To ensure that the design and content complied with the users’ needs, the usage and usability of the national e-library were evaluated using mixed methods. Statistics from the website show an average of just over 2,500 visits and 870 unique visitors per month. The web survey, with 292 answers, showed that the visitors were mainly physicians and nurses. Almost 80% searched for regimens, and 90% found what they were looking for and were satisfied with their visit. An expert evaluation showed that the e-library follows many existing design principles. Qualitative interviews with 4 nurses, 3 physicians, and 3 pharmacists revealed various ways to use the information in the regimens. Users have different needs depending on their profession and their workplace, and the e-library can support these different needs. The national e-library was used in the intended way, and the users were able to interact without any problems. <br/>The research in this thesis shows that it is of utmost importance to minimise the potential for errors in the prescribing stage and that a common denominator behind the errors often was working conditions. Today’s Swedish national e-library for chemotherapy regimens contains information based on the latest evidence, is embedded in a national quality system, and contributes to organisational and national learning, ultimately supporting healthcare professionals in managing chemotherapy risks. <br/>}},
  author       = {{Fyhr, Ann-Sofie}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-8039-206-8}},
  keywords     = {{Chemotherapy; Chemotherapy regimens; Medication errors; Patient safety; e-library; Standardisation; User evaluation; Usability; Chemotherapy; Chemotherapy regimens; Medication errors; Patient safety; e-library; Standardisation; User evaluation; Usability}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{03}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Managing chemotherapy risks : Learning from medication errors and developing a national knowledge source for chemotherapy regimens}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/116037715/Avhandling_AnnSofie_WEBB.pdf}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}