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An Injection-Locked Power Up-Converter in 65-nm CMOS for Cellular Applications

Lindstrand, Jonas LU ; Törmänen, Markus LU orcid and Sjöland, Henrik LU orcid (2019) In IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 67(3). p.1065-1077
Abstract
This paper presents an injection-locked 65-nm CMOS circuit that upconverts and power amplifies baseband signals to RF. The circuit delivers an RF output power of 28.7 dBm, with a power gain and maximum power added efficiency (PAE) of 20.6 dB and 68.1%, respectively. Both AM–AM-conversion and AM–PM-conversion are low, less than 1 dB and 1°, respectively, resulting in an EVM of 4.7% for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 4.1% for WCDMA signals. The circuit provides an average output power of 20.3 dBm for LTE, with a PAE of 44.1%, and
for WCDMA, the average output power is 23.8 dBm with a PAE of 55.6%. Supply modulation improves power back-off efficiency and the voltage range is from 540 mV to 3 V. The spectral mask for LTE signals has a worst... (More)
This paper presents an injection-locked 65-nm CMOS circuit that upconverts and power amplifies baseband signals to RF. The circuit delivers an RF output power of 28.7 dBm, with a power gain and maximum power added efficiency (PAE) of 20.6 dB and 68.1%, respectively. Both AM–AM-conversion and AM–PM-conversion are low, less than 1 dB and 1°, respectively, resulting in an EVM of 4.7% for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 4.1% for WCDMA signals. The circuit provides an average output power of 20.3 dBm for LTE, with a PAE of 44.1%, and
for WCDMA, the average output power is 23.8 dBm with a PAE of 55.6%. Supply modulation improves power back-off efficiency and the voltage range is from 540 mV to 3 V. The spectral mask for LTE signals has a worst case ACLR of 33.2 dBc using predistortion. For WCDMA signals, ACLR1 is 39.9 dBc and ACLR2 is 47.2 dBc, both values worst case and using baseband predistortion. This performance is achieved by introducing a cross-coupled cascode topology, and supporting theory and simulations are presented. The startup loop-gain and smallsignal equivalents are derived, a power dissipation analysis is performed, and the injection circuit is analyzed to investigate the AM–PM behavior. Analysis and simulations show that, compared to conventional cascode amplifiers, PAE is improved by 24% (15% points). The circuit is implemented in an STM 65-nm CMOS process and occupies an area of 1.0 × 0.53 mm2. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Cascode, CMOS technology, direct upconversion, efficiency, injection-lock, Long Term Evolution (LTE), peak-to-average ratio, power amplifier, WCDMA
in
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
volume
67
issue
3
pages
13 pages
publisher
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
external identifiers
  • scopus:85062593873
ISSN
0018-9480
DOI
10.1109/TMTT.2019.2893199
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
33d6852b-75cf-447e-a901-faf67caecc70
date added to LUP
2019-03-08 09:54:42
date last changed
2024-03-02 21:41:06
@article{33d6852b-75cf-447e-a901-faf67caecc70,
  abstract     = {{This paper presents an injection-locked 65-nm CMOS circuit that upconverts and power amplifies baseband signals to RF. The circuit delivers an RF output power of 28.7 dBm, with a power gain and maximum power added efficiency (PAE) of 20.6 dB and 68.1%, respectively. Both AM–AM-conversion and AM–PM-conversion are low, less than 1 dB and 1°, respectively, resulting in an EVM of 4.7% for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 4.1% for WCDMA signals. The circuit provides an average output power of 20.3 dBm for LTE, with a PAE of 44.1%, and<br/>for WCDMA, the average output power is 23.8 dBm with a PAE of 55.6%. Supply modulation improves power back-off efficiency and the voltage range is from 540 mV to 3 V. The spectral mask for LTE signals has a worst case ACLR of 33.2 dBc using predistortion. For WCDMA signals, ACLR1 is 39.9 dBc and ACLR2 is 47.2 dBc, both values worst case and using baseband predistortion. This performance is achieved by introducing a cross-coupled cascode topology, and supporting theory and simulations are presented. The startup loop-gain and smallsignal equivalents are derived, a power dissipation analysis is performed, and the injection circuit is analyzed to investigate the AM–PM behavior. Analysis and simulations show that, compared to conventional cascode amplifiers, PAE is improved by 24% (15% points). The circuit is implemented in an STM 65-nm CMOS process and occupies an area of 1.0 × 0.53 mm2.}},
  author       = {{Lindstrand, Jonas and Törmänen, Markus and Sjöland, Henrik}},
  issn         = {{0018-9480}},
  keywords     = {{Cascode; CMOS technology; direct upconversion; efficiency; injection-lock; Long Term Evolution (LTE); peak-to-average ratio; power amplifier; WCDMA}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{03}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{1065--1077}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.}},
  series       = {{IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques}},
  title        = {{An Injection-Locked Power Up-Converter in 65-nm CMOS for Cellular Applications}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2019.2893199}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/TMTT.2019.2893199}},
  volume       = {{67}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}