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Värmestress i urbana inomhusmiljöer : Förekomst och åtgärder i befintlig bebyggelse

Lundgren Kownacki, Karin LU ; Wierzbicka, Aneta LU orcid ; Gao, Chuansi LU and Kuklane, Kalev LU (2018) 18060.
Abstract
This literature review describes how heat stress can develop indoors, how it can be identified, and what actions can be taken, with a focus on property owner’s responsibilities. The review is limited to existing buildings in Sweden and includes schools, retirement homes, apartments, preschools, and non-industrial offices (those without industrial processes that produce heat). The expected climate changes increase the risks of heat stress, especially in urban areas where urban heat islands can develop. Strong heat can have several negative health outcomes, and this report has identified the risk groups as the chronically ill, people who take certain medications or have a disability, infants, pregnant women, individuals with heavy physical... (More)
This literature review describes how heat stress can develop indoors, how it can be identified, and what actions can be taken, with a focus on property owner’s responsibilities. The review is limited to existing buildings in Sweden and includes schools, retirement homes, apartments, preschools, and non-industrial offices (those without industrial processes that produce heat). The expected climate changes increase the risks of heat stress, especially in urban areas where urban heat islands can develop. Strong heat can have several negative health outcomes, and this report has identified the risk groups as the chronically ill, people who take certain medications or have a disability, infants, pregnant women, individuals with heavy physical work, and emergency workers. There is a connection between the outdoor and the indoor climate in buildings without air conditioning, but the pathways leading to the development of severe heat levels indoors during heat waves are complex. These depend, for example, on the type of building, window placement, the residential area's thermal outdoor conditions, and the residents’ influence and behaviour. This review shows that few studies have focused on the thermal environment indoors during heat waves despite the fact that in Sweden people spend most of their time indoors and are likely to experience increased heat stress indoors in the future. Further, current Heat-Health Warning Systems (HHWS) are based on the outdoor climate, which can lead to a misleading interpretation of the health effects and hinder the development of more effective interventions. In order to identify severe heat, six factors need to be taken into account, including air temperature, heat radiation, humidity, and air movement as well as the physical activity and the clothes worn by the individual. Severe heat can be identified using a heat index that includes these six factors. However, it is noted that existing indexes do not take into account a person’s health status. This report presents some examples of heat indices that are relevant for indoor environments, as well as models that can be applied at the city level. It also highlights the need for the development of a heat index that specifically targets the identification of severe heat in indoor environments. There are a number of measures that can be taken in existing buildings to reduce heat indoors and thus improve the health and well-being of the population in urban areas. This report also describes a number of effective measures that are relevant to both property owners and its residents. Examples of effective measures to reduce heat stress indoors are the use of shading devices such as blinds and vegetation, but also personal cooling techniques such as the use of fans and cooling vests, as well as the integration of innovative Phase Change Materials (PCM) into facades, roofs, floors, and windows. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna kunskapssammanställning beskriver hur hälsoskadlig värme kan uppstå inomhus, hur den kan identifieras och vilka åtgärder som kan vidtas med fokus på fastighetsägarens ansvar. Sammanställningen är begränsad till befintliga byggnader i Sverige och inkluderar skolor, äldreboenden, lägenheter, förskolor och kontor som är icke-industriella (utan industriella processer som producerar värme). Den pågående klimatförändringen innebär en ökad risk för värmeböljor och efterföljande värmestress, särskilt i tätorter där värmeöar kan uppstå. Höga temperaturer kan påverka människors hälsa negativt, framför allt om exponeringen pågår under längre tid. Särskilt känsliga grupper under värmeböljor är kroniskt sjuka, personer som tar vissa mediciner... (More)
Denna kunskapssammanställning beskriver hur hälsoskadlig värme kan uppstå inomhus, hur den kan identifieras och vilka åtgärder som kan vidtas med fokus på fastighetsägarens ansvar. Sammanställningen är begränsad till befintliga byggnader i Sverige och inkluderar skolor, äldreboenden, lägenheter, förskolor och kontor som är icke-industriella (utan industriella processer som producerar värme). Den pågående klimatförändringen innebär en ökad risk för värmeböljor och efterföljande värmestress, särskilt i tätorter där värmeöar kan uppstå. Höga temperaturer kan påverka människors hälsa negativt, framför allt om exponeringen pågår under längre tid. Särskilt känsliga grupper under värmeböljor är kroniskt sjuka, personer som tar vissa mediciner eller har en funktionsnedsättning, små barn, gravida, individer med tungt fysiskt arbete samt blåljuspersonal i skyddsutrustning. Det finns ett samband mellan utomhusklimat och inomhusklimat i byggnader utan luftkonditionering, men uppkomsten av hälsoskadlig värme inomhus under värmeböljor är komplex. Den beror till exempel på byggnadstyp, fönsterplacering, bostadsområdets termiska utomhusmiljö samt den boendes påverkan och beteende. Kunskapssammanställningen visar att få studier fokuserat på den termiska miljön inomhus under värmeböljor. Detta trots att svenskar tillbringar majoriteten av sin tid inomhus och sannolikt kommer att uppleva ökad värmestress inomhus i framtiden. Då dagens värmevarningssystem baseras på utomhusförhållanden kan det leda till en missvisande bild av hälsoeffekterna och utgöra ett hinder för utvecklingen av mer effektiva åtgärder. För att kunna identifiera hälsoskadlig värme behöver hänsyn tas till sex faktorer: lufttemperatur, värmestrålning, luftfuktighet, luftrörelse samt individens fysiska aktivitet och kläder. Hälsoskadlig värme kan definieras med hjälp av ett värmeindex som inkluderar de sex faktorerna. Dock bör det uppmärksammas att individens hälsotillstånd inte finns med i beräkningarna i befintliga index. Rapporten redogör för några exempel på värmeindex som är relevanta för inomhusmiljöer, samt modeller som kan appliceras på stadsnivå. Den belyser också behovet av att utveckla ett värmeindex som är specifikt riktat mot identifiering av hälsoskadlig värme i inomhusmiljöer. Det finns ett antal åtgärder som kan vidtas i befintlig bebyggelse för att minska värmestressen inomhus och förbättra hälsan och välbefinnandet hos befolkningen i tätorter. Rapporten redogör för en rad effektiva åtgärder som är relevanta för både fastighetsägare och de boende. Exempel på åtgärder för att minska värmestressen inomhus är att använda solavskärmning som markiser och vegetation, men också personliga avkylningstekniker såsom fläktar och kylvästar samt att integrera innovativa passiva material i fasader, tak, golv och fönster.
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published
subject
categories
Popular Science
host publication
Värmestress i urbana inomhusmiljöer - Förekomst och åtgärder i befintlig bebyggelse
volume
18060
publisher
Folkhälsomyndigheten
language
Swedish
LU publication?
yes
id
3ed7476b-7eba-4e05-a1a6-754ab1d1d9a5
alternative location
https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/contentassets/00c0393a36f745638a58f657be7a9133/varmestress-urbana-inomhusmiljoer-18060-webb.pdf
date added to LUP
2019-08-28 14:09:23
date last changed
2021-11-30 14:51:22
@inbook{3ed7476b-7eba-4e05-a1a6-754ab1d1d9a5,
  abstract     = {{This literature review describes how heat stress can develop indoors, how it can be identified, and what actions can be taken, with a focus on property owner’s responsibilities. The review is limited to existing buildings in Sweden and includes schools, retirement homes, apartments, preschools, and non-industrial offices (those without industrial processes that produce heat). The expected climate changes increase the risks of heat stress, especially in urban areas where urban heat islands can develop. Strong heat can have several negative health outcomes, and this report has identified the risk groups as the chronically ill, people who take certain medications or have a disability, infants, pregnant women, individuals with heavy physical work, and emergency workers. There is a connection between the outdoor and the indoor climate in buildings without air conditioning, but the pathways leading to the development of severe heat levels indoors during heat waves are complex. These depend, for example, on the type of building, window placement, the residential area's thermal outdoor conditions, and the residents’ influence and behaviour.  This review shows that few studies have focused on the thermal environment indoors during heat waves despite the fact that in Sweden people spend most of their time indoors and are likely to experience increased heat stress indoors in the future. Further, current Heat-Health Warning Systems (HHWS) are based on the outdoor climate, which can lead to a misleading interpretation of the health effects and hinder the development of more effective interventions. In order to identify severe heat, six factors need to be taken into account, including air temperature, heat radiation, humidity, and air movement as well as the physical activity and the clothes worn by the individual. Severe heat can be identified using a heat index that includes these six factors. However, it is noted that existing indexes do not take into account a person’s health status. This report presents some examples of heat indices that are relevant for indoor environments, as well as models that can be applied at the city level. It also highlights the need for the development of a heat index that specifically targets the identification of severe heat in indoor environments. There are a number of measures that can be taken in existing buildings to reduce heat indoors and thus improve the health and well-being of the population in urban areas. This report also describes a number of effective measures that are relevant to both property owners and its residents. Examples of effective measures to reduce heat stress indoors are the use of shading devices such as blinds and vegetation, but also personal cooling techniques such as the use of fans and cooling vests, as well as the integration of innovative Phase Change Materials (PCM) into facades, roofs, floors, and windows.}},
  author       = {{Lundgren Kownacki, Karin and Wierzbicka, Aneta and Gao, Chuansi and Kuklane, Kalev}},
  booktitle    = {{Värmestress i urbana inomhusmiljöer - Förekomst och åtgärder i befintlig bebyggelse}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  month        = {{11}},
  publisher    = {{Folkhälsomyndigheten}},
  title        = {{Värmestress i urbana inomhusmiljöer : Förekomst och åtgärder i befintlig bebyggelse}},
  url          = {{https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/contentassets/00c0393a36f745638a58f657be7a9133/varmestress-urbana-inomhusmiljoer-18060-webb.pdf}},
  volume       = {{18060}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}