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In-Cylinder Fluid Flow, Fuel Preparation and Combustion in SI Engines - Application of Optical Diagnostics

Ekenberg, Martin LU (2002)
Abstract
In this thesis laser-based measurements of in-cylinder flow and fuel concentrations in two stroke and direct injected four-stroke engines are presented. The major problem with the carburetted two-stroke engine is the short-circuiting of fuel that occurs during the scavenging phase. This leads to large emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. The object of this thesis has been to map the flow behaviour in two-stroke engine cylinders during the scavenging phase, and to detect differences between different cylinder designs. The measurement techniques which have been utilised are Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Mie scattering from fuel droplets, LSDI. Of these measurement methods, LDV and LSDI have been used... (More)
In this thesis laser-based measurements of in-cylinder flow and fuel concentrations in two stroke and direct injected four-stroke engines are presented. The major problem with the carburetted two-stroke engine is the short-circuiting of fuel that occurs during the scavenging phase. This leads to large emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. The object of this thesis has been to map the flow behaviour in two-stroke engine cylinders during the scavenging phase, and to detect differences between different cylinder designs. The measurement techniques which have been utilised are Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Mie scattering from fuel droplets, LSDI. Of these measurement methods, LDV and LSDI have been used inside the cylinder. LIF was used outside the exhaust port. The second object of this thesis has been to map fuel distribution, in cylinder flow and combustion in an air assist direct injected four-stroke engine. For the fuel distribution measurements, PLIF was used. The flow measurements were performed with PIV, and flame photography was used to map flame development / combustion. All two-stroke measurements were performed in engines running at their rated speeds, 9000 rpm for three of the designs and 5800 rpm for one design. All engines were run at full load with combustion. For the two-stroke engine measurements, it was found that: „h The LDV measurements inside the cylinders show that cylinders with cup handle transfer channels have a flow pattern inside the cylinder that gives less short-circuiting, and hence less emissions of hydrocarbons, than the cylinder with open transfer channels. „h The LIF measurements outside the exhaust port show that the HC emissions that are caused by short-circuiting comes earlier in the scavenging phase for the cylinder with open transfer channels than is the case for the cylinders with cup handle transfer channels. „h The LSDI measurements in the cylinder provide the transfer channel flow angle, for the cylinders with cup handle transfer channels. For the cylinder with open transfer channels, the results are not as useful; fuel droplet vaporisation close to the exhaust port ruins the results. Measurements in the four-stroke engine showed: „h For the direct injected four-stroke engine, in-cylinder fuel distribution was measured with PLIF. Results show that stratification of fuel is feasible with late injection timings in combination with bowl-in-piston. „h PIV measurements of the flow show that late injection increases the level of in-cylinder flow velocities, that inevitably break down into turbulence. „h Flame photographs of the combustion in a stratified charge mode show two different kinds of combustion; one primary, premixed combustion and one diffusion combustion. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Fansler, Todd, GM Research and Development
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Laserteknik, vakuumteknik, vibrationer, akustik, Motors and propulsion systems, Motorer, hydraulik, Maskinteknik, PIV, vibration and acoustic engineering, hydraulics, vacuum technology, Mechanical engineering, framdrivningssystem, Laser technology
pages
200 pages
publisher
Ann-Britt Sundström, Ole Römers v. 1, 221 00 Lund, Sweden,
defense location
Room M:B, M-Building, Ole Römers väg 1, Lund
defense date
2002-02-22 10:15:00
external identifiers
  • other:ISRN:LUTMDN/TMVK--1029--SE
ISBN
91-7874-178-5
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Article: 1. Ekenberg, M. Johansson, B. ¡¨Scavenging Flow Velocity in Small Two-Strokes at High Engine Speed¡¨, SAE Paper 951789..2. Ekenberg, Johansson, B. ¡¨The Effect of Transfer Port Geometry on Scavenge Flow Velocities at High Engine Speed¡¨, SAE paper 960366..3. Ekenberg, M, Johansson, B. ¡¨In-Cylinder Flow in High Speed Two-Stroke Engines with Different Transfer Channels¡¨, SAE paper 970357..4. Ekenberg, M, Johansson, B. ¡¨Laser Sheet Droplet Concentration Measurements in a High Speed Two-Stroke Engine¡¨, SAE Paper 9721235. Andersson, Ö, Juhlin, G, Ekenberg, M, Johansson, B, Aldén, M. ¡¨Crank Angle Resolved HC-Detection Using LIF in the Exhausts of Small Two-Stroke Engines Running at High Engine Speed¡¨, SAE Paper 961927.6. Ekenberg, M, Johansson, B. ¡§Fuel Distribution in an Air Assist Direct Injected Spark Ignition Engine with Central Injection and Spark Plug measured with Laser Induced Fluorescence¡¨ SAE paper 2001-01-1898.7. Olofsson, E, Alvestig, P, Bergsten, L, , Ekenberg, M, Gawell, A, Larsén, A, Reinmann, R ¡¨ A High Dilution Stoichiometric Combustion Concept using a Wide Variable Spark Gap and Intense Turbulence in order to meet future CO2 requirements and World Wide Emission regulations ¡¨ SAE Paper 2001-01-02468. Ekenberg, M Johansson, B, Olofsson, E, Reinmann, R. ¡¨ The effect of in-cylinder air injection on the combustion process in a stoichiometric air assist G-DI engine diluted with residual gas¡¨ [56]9. Ekenberg, M, Johansson, B, Olofsson, E, Reinmann, R, Gillet, B ¡¨The Effect of a Second Air Pulse on In-Cylinder Flow in a High Dilution Stoichiometric Concept (HDSCC) Engine Measured With Particle Image Velocimetry¡¨, SAE paper 2001-01-3492
id
51454e40-c0dc-403c-9ae7-b86fd5b380f9 (old id 464293)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 15:58:30
date last changed
2018-11-21 20:37:48
@phdthesis{51454e40-c0dc-403c-9ae7-b86fd5b380f9,
  abstract     = {{In this thesis laser-based measurements of in-cylinder flow and fuel concentrations in two stroke and direct injected four-stroke engines are presented. The major problem with the carburetted two-stroke engine is the short-circuiting of fuel that occurs during the scavenging phase. This leads to large emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. The object of this thesis has been to map the flow behaviour in two-stroke engine cylinders during the scavenging phase, and to detect differences between different cylinder designs. The measurement techniques which have been utilised are Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Mie scattering from fuel droplets, LSDI. Of these measurement methods, LDV and LSDI have been used inside the cylinder. LIF was used outside the exhaust port. The second object of this thesis has been to map fuel distribution, in cylinder flow and combustion in an air assist direct injected four-stroke engine. For the fuel distribution measurements, PLIF was used. The flow measurements were performed with PIV, and flame photography was used to map flame development / combustion. All two-stroke measurements were performed in engines running at their rated speeds, 9000 rpm for three of the designs and 5800 rpm for one design. All engines were run at full load with combustion. For the two-stroke engine measurements, it was found that: „h The LDV measurements inside the cylinders show that cylinders with cup handle transfer channels have a flow pattern inside the cylinder that gives less short-circuiting, and hence less emissions of hydrocarbons, than the cylinder with open transfer channels. „h The LIF measurements outside the exhaust port show that the HC emissions that are caused by short-circuiting comes earlier in the scavenging phase for the cylinder with open transfer channels than is the case for the cylinders with cup handle transfer channels. „h The LSDI measurements in the cylinder provide the transfer channel flow angle, for the cylinders with cup handle transfer channels. For the cylinder with open transfer channels, the results are not as useful; fuel droplet vaporisation close to the exhaust port ruins the results. Measurements in the four-stroke engine showed: „h For the direct injected four-stroke engine, in-cylinder fuel distribution was measured with PLIF. Results show that stratification of fuel is feasible with late injection timings in combination with bowl-in-piston. „h PIV measurements of the flow show that late injection increases the level of in-cylinder flow velocities, that inevitably break down into turbulence. „h Flame photographs of the combustion in a stratified charge mode show two different kinds of combustion; one primary, premixed combustion and one diffusion combustion.}},
  author       = {{Ekenberg, Martin}},
  isbn         = {{91-7874-178-5}},
  keywords     = {{Laserteknik; vakuumteknik; vibrationer; akustik; Motors and propulsion systems; Motorer; hydraulik; Maskinteknik; PIV; vibration and acoustic engineering; hydraulics; vacuum technology; Mechanical engineering; framdrivningssystem; Laser technology}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Ann-Britt Sundström, Ole Römers v. 1, 221 00 Lund, Sweden,}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{In-Cylinder Fluid Flow, Fuel Preparation and Combustion in SI Engines - Application of Optical Diagnostics}},
  year         = {{2002}},
}