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Evolving Geographies of Economic Inequality : Continuity and Change in Wage Structures Across Sweden, 1990 –2018

Erlström, Andreas LU orcid (2026)
Abstract
The transformational change that ushered in what became known as the knowledge economy has led to widespread deindustrialisation of regional economies. It has reshaped the foundations of local labour markets and shifted the momentum of regional uneven development and wage inequalities. Much of the academic debate, however, has either been grounded in national-level studies of wage disparities or focused on regional divergence in economic development.

This dissertation aims to advance our understanding of structural changes in regional wage disparities, and does so in two ways. First, it problematises the assumptions that national-level development is intrinsically present across the regional context. Second, it advances an... (More)
The transformational change that ushered in what became known as the knowledge economy has led to widespread deindustrialisation of regional economies. It has reshaped the foundations of local labour markets and shifted the momentum of regional uneven development and wage inequalities. Much of the academic debate, however, has either been grounded in national-level studies of wage disparities or focused on regional divergence in economic development.

This dissertation aims to advance our understanding of structural changes in regional wage disparities, and does so in two ways. First, it problematises the assumptions that national-level development is intrinsically present across the regional context. Second, it advances an evolutionary perspective on the development of economic inequality at the regional scale. The main research question of the dissertation, thus, is “how has the uneven development of regional economies shaped intra-regional wage inequalities across different geographies?” To answer this question, a set of three sub-questions was identified that explore: 1) To what extent and how do distinct pathways characterise the changing geography of wage inequalities? 2) How and to what extent are regional pathways of wage disparities related to phases of economic development? 3) How does the tradable sector relate to and shape the different regional pathways in wage inequality? To answer these questions, the dissertation draws on an evolutionary perspective on regional uneven development, with a specific emphasis on how regional path development unfolds and its links to transformational change. In doing so, the dissertation also advances a careful engagement with both the temporal and geographical aspects of economic development and inequality.

Empirically, the dissertation finds first that the geography of wage inequality in Sweden has not been characterised solely by the theorised growing divide between metropolitan and left-behind regions. Instead, there is greater variety across the regional hierarchy, with both positive and negative path developments. While examining the urban-rural divide in wage structures, the dissertation also problematised standard approaches to operationalising scale in order to capture these patterns. Second, it finds that the development of wage disparities and the underlying employment structure has not been linear. The research shows how structural crises shift the momentum of regional path development and, consequently, uneven development and the geographies of wage inequality. Lastly, the dissertation further identifies a close association between the fate of the tradeable sector and its restructuring in shaping the probability that regions experience downgrading or upgrading outcomes. Deindustrialisation was associated with a noticeable decline in the tradeable employment base, which was found to be detrimental to regional path development, whereas retaining this base yielded relatively better employment opportunities locally. Moreover, if it were not for the substantial presence of the public sector among Swedish regions, many more local labour markets would either experience downgrading or polarising outcomes.
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Abstract (Swedish)
Den omvälvande förändring som banade väg för det som kommit att kallas kunskapsekonomin har lett till en omfattande avindustrialisering av de regionala ekonomierna. Den har omformat grundvalarna för de lokala arbetsmarknaderna och förändrat riktningen i den regionala ojämna utvecklingen och löneskillnaderna. Mycket av den akademiska debatten har dock antingen grundats i nationella studier av löneskillnader eller fokuserat på ojämlikheter mellan regioners ekonomiska utveckling.

Denna avhandling syftar till att fördjupa vår förståelse för strukturella förändringar i regionala löneskillnader och gör detta på två sätt. För det första problematiseras antagandet att nationella utvecklingsmönster automatiskt återspeglas i olika regionala... (More)
Den omvälvande förändring som banade väg för det som kommit att kallas kunskapsekonomin har lett till en omfattande avindustrialisering av de regionala ekonomierna. Den har omformat grundvalarna för de lokala arbetsmarknaderna och förändrat riktningen i den regionala ojämna utvecklingen och löneskillnaderna. Mycket av den akademiska debatten har dock antingen grundats i nationella studier av löneskillnader eller fokuserat på ojämlikheter mellan regioners ekonomiska utveckling.

Denna avhandling syftar till att fördjupa vår förståelse för strukturella förändringar i regionala löneskillnader och gör detta på två sätt. För det första problematiseras antagandet att nationella utvecklingsmönster automatiskt återspeglas i olika regionala kontexter. För det andra utvecklas ett evolutionärt perspektiv på hur ekonomisk ojämlikhet har utvecklats på regional nivå. Avhandlingens huvudforskningsfråga är därför: Hur har den ojämlika utvecklingen av regionala ekonomier format intraregionala löneskillnader över olika geografier? För att besvara denna fråga identifieras tre underfrågor som utforskar: 1) I vilken utsträckning och på vilka sätt präglas den geografiska förändringen i löneskillnader av distinkta utvecklingsbanor bland Sveriges regioner? 2) Hur och i vilken utsträckning är regionala utvecklingsbanor i löneskillnader kopplade till olika faser av ekonomisk utveckling? 3) Hur relaterar de olika regionala utvecklingsbanorna i löneskillnader till, och hur formas de av, de exponerade sektorerna? För att besvara dessa frågor bygger avhandlingen på ett evolutionärt perspektiv på regional ojämn utveckling, med särskilt fokus på hur regionala utvecklingsbanor tar form och deras koppling till strukturella omvandlingar. Därigenom understryker avhandlingen vikten av ett nyanserat förhållningssätt till både tidsberoende och geografiska aspekter gällande ekonomisk utveckling och ojämlikheter.

Empiriskt visar avhandlingen att den regionala löneskillnadens geografi i Sverige inte enbart präglas av en allt större klyfta mellan storstadsregioner och eftersläpande regioner. Snarare finns det en större variation av både positiva och negativa utvecklingsbanor inom samtliga delar av den svenska regionala hierarkin. Vidare problematiserar avhandlingen även de traditionella vetenskapliga tillvägagångssätten för att operationalisera geografiska skalor för att fånga dessa geografiska mönster. Avhandlingen visar även att utvecklingen av löneskillnader och förändringen i arbetsmarknadsstrukturerna som legat till grund för denna utveckling inte skett linjärt. Arbetet visar på hur strukturella kriser kan bli vändpunkter som förändrar riktningen för regionala utvecklingsbanor och, således, bidrar till att förstå ojämn utveckling och löneskillnadernas geografi. Slutligen identifierar avhandlingen en nära koppling mellan de exponerade sektorernas utveckling och omstrukturering, och sannolikheten för att regioner upplever nedgradering eller uppgradering. Avindustrialiseringen sammanföll med en märkbar minskning av sysselsättningen inom de exponerade sektorerna, vilket visade sig skadligt för regionala utvecklingsbanor, medan ett bibehållande av sysselsättningen inom de exponerade sektorerna gav relativt bättre lokala sysselsättningsmöjligheter. Dessutom hade den svenska offentliga sektorns omfattande närvaro en avgörande betydelse: utan den skulle många fler lokala arbetsmarknader ha upplevt nedgradering eller polariserade utfall.
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Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Essletzbichler, Jürgen, Vienna University of Economics and Business
organization
alternative title
Den ekonomiska ojämlikhetens föränderliga geografi : Kontinuitet och förändring i lönestrukturerna i Sverige, 1990–2018
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Uneven Development, Economic Inequalities, Structural Transformation, Regional Trajectories, Path Dependence, Ojämn Utveckling, Ekonomiska Ojämlikheter, Strukturell Omvandling, Regionala Utvecklingsbanor, Stigberoende
pages
186 pages
publisher
Department of Human Geography, Lund University
defense location
Världen, (sal F111), Geocentrum I, Sölvegatan 10, Lund
defense date
2026-05-11 13:15:00
ISBN
978-91-8104-939-8
978-91-8104-940-4
project
Evolving Geographies of Economic Inequality: Continuity and Change in Wage Structures Across Sweden, 1990–2018
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
5f38e946-21c9-4d05-8148-657f8e654a7f
date added to LUP
2026-03-31 16:45:12
date last changed
2026-04-15 08:13:55
@phdthesis{5f38e946-21c9-4d05-8148-657f8e654a7f,
  abstract     = {{The transformational change that ushered in what became known as the knowledge economy has led to widespread deindustrialisation of regional economies. It has reshaped the foundations of local labour markets and shifted the momentum of regional uneven development and wage inequalities. Much of the academic debate, however, has either been grounded in national-level studies of wage disparities or focused on regional divergence in economic development.<br/><br/>This dissertation aims to advance our understanding of structural changes in regional wage disparities, and does so in two ways. First, it problematises the assumptions that national-level development is intrinsically present across the regional context. Second, it advances an evolutionary perspective on the development of economic inequality at the regional scale. The main research question of the dissertation, thus, is “how has the uneven development of regional economies shaped intra-regional wage inequalities across different geographies?” To answer this question, a set of three sub-questions was identified that explore: 1) To what extent and how do distinct pathways characterise the changing geography of wage inequalities? 2) How and to what extent are regional pathways of wage disparities related to phases of economic development? 3) How does the tradable sector relate to and shape the different regional pathways in wage inequality? To answer these questions, the dissertation draws on an evolutionary perspective on regional uneven development, with a specific emphasis on how regional path development unfolds and its links to transformational change. In doing so, the dissertation also advances a careful engagement with both the temporal and geographical aspects of economic development and inequality.<br/><br/>Empirically, the dissertation finds first that the geography of wage inequality in Sweden has not been characterised solely by the theorised growing divide between metropolitan and left-behind regions. Instead, there is greater variety across the regional hierarchy, with both positive and negative path developments. While examining the urban-rural divide in wage structures, the dissertation also problematised standard approaches to operationalising scale in order to capture these patterns. Second, it finds that the development of wage disparities and the underlying employment structure has not been linear. The research shows how structural crises shift the momentum of regional path development and, consequently, uneven development and the geographies of wage inequality. Lastly, the dissertation further identifies a close association between the fate of the tradeable sector and its restructuring in shaping the probability that regions experience downgrading or upgrading outcomes. Deindustrialisation was associated with a noticeable decline in the tradeable employment base, which was found to be detrimental to regional path development, whereas retaining this base yielded relatively better employment opportunities locally. Moreover, if it were not for the substantial presence of the public sector among Swedish regions, many more local labour markets would either experience downgrading or polarising outcomes.<br/>}},
  author       = {{Erlström, Andreas}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-8104-939-8}},
  keywords     = {{Uneven Development; Economic Inequalities; Structural Transformation; Regional Trajectories; Path Dependence; Ojämn Utveckling; Ekonomiska Ojämlikheter; Strukturell Omvandling; Regionala Utvecklingsbanor; Stigberoende}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Department of Human Geography, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Evolving Geographies of Economic Inequality : Continuity and Change in Wage Structures Across Sweden, 1990 –2018}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/247002663/WEBB_Andreas_Erlstr_m.pdf}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}