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Regime Stability and Foreign Policy Change : Interaction between Domestic and Foreign Policy in Hungary 1956-1994

Niklasson, Tomas LU (2006) In Lund Political Studies
Abstract
Domestic and foreign policy cannot always be kept apart. A change of Government at national level may impact on foreign policy, and foreign policy adventures sometimes translate into consequences at home. Links between domestic and foreign policy may be limiting as well as enabling factors for Governments who find themselves at the cross-roads between national and international power. This study combines theory about political stability, at national level, with theory about foreign policy change, focusing on (1) strategies used by the political leaders to build and maintain political stability, (2) change in foreign policy, and (3) links between the two. The degree of political stability in a country, it is argued, depends on the extent to... (More)
Domestic and foreign policy cannot always be kept apart. A change of Government at national level may impact on foreign policy, and foreign policy adventures sometimes translate into consequences at home. Links between domestic and foreign policy may be limiting as well as enabling factors for Governments who find themselves at the cross-roads between national and international power. This study combines theory about political stability, at national level, with theory about foreign policy change, focusing on (1) strategies used by the political leaders to build and maintain political stability, (2) change in foreign policy, and (3) links between the two. The degree of political stability in a country, it is argued, depends on the extent to which key groups accept the regime and on the existence of credible alternatives to the current regime. The leaders may resort to different strategies to become accepted, focusing on legitimacy, performance or coercion. Foreign policy change is analysed in five areas, namely regime stability, security, trade and economic policy, national identity, and autonomy. It is explained on the basis of a theoretical framework that sees foreign policy change, or the lack of it, as the outcome of a struggle between ?promoters of change? and ?stabilisers of foreign policy?, at various levels. The analysis of the links between foreign policy change and strategies to achieve political stability has been inspired by theories about the two-level game, ?adaptation? and the ?two faces of state action?.



Empirically the study covers Hungarian politics during close to forty years (1956-94). This period comprises three distinct phases ? the ?Kádár era? (1956-88), the fall of the Socialist regime and transition to democracy (1988-90) and the first years of democratic governance (1990-94). It points to a shift in legitimation strategies under János Kádár, away from coercion as a prime instrument and focusing more on performance, mainly in economic terms. This strategy was supported by opening up towards the West, first in the area of trade but later also on more sensitive issues, such as the security doctrine. While political stability was achieved for some time, these strategies hit back. Unsuccessful economic reforms, the emergence of a political alternative, the regime's loss of belief in its right to rule and, finally, change in Moscow under Gorbachev, undermined the Socialist regime and led to a process of democratisation starting in 1989.



Under democracy, the first Government hoped to base political stability more on legitimacy than on performance. This strategy was unsuccessful in the sense that the Government fell, although the political system as such was never under threat. Foreign policy continued to change in a more dramatic way, although such change can be seen as a logical continuation of a direction which had been defined already under the Socialist regime. Under democracy, links between domestic and foreign policy continued to be strong. Hungary pushed for rapid accession to NATO and the EU to promote security, political stability and economic prosperity as the country liberated itself from its previous dependence on Moscow. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Inrikes- och utrikespolitik kan inte alltid hållas åtskilda. Ett regeringsskifte på nationell nivå kan påverka landets utrikespolitik. På samma sätt kan ett lands utrikespolitiska agerande få inrikespolitiska återverkningar. De kopplingar som finns mellan inrikes- och utrikespolitik kan såväl underlätta som försvåra arbetet för en regering som, per definition, befinner sig i brytpunkten mellan nationell och internationell politik. Trots att en allmän insikt föreligger om deras betydelse är emellertid dessa fenomen otillräckligt studerade inom statsvetenskapen.



Den här studien förenar teori kring politisk stabilitet på nationell nivå med teorier om utrikespolitisk förändring.... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Inrikes- och utrikespolitik kan inte alltid hållas åtskilda. Ett regeringsskifte på nationell nivå kan påverka landets utrikespolitik. På samma sätt kan ett lands utrikespolitiska agerande få inrikespolitiska återverkningar. De kopplingar som finns mellan inrikes- och utrikespolitik kan såväl underlätta som försvåra arbetet för en regering som, per definition, befinner sig i brytpunkten mellan nationell och internationell politik. Trots att en allmän insikt föreligger om deras betydelse är emellertid dessa fenomen otillräckligt studerade inom statsvetenskapen.



Den här studien förenar teori kring politisk stabilitet på nationell nivå med teorier om utrikespolitisk förändring. Fokus ligger på (1) de strategier som politiska ledare använder sig av för att uppnå politisk stabilitet, (2) utrikespolitisk förändring och (3) kopplingar mellan de två.



I vilken utsträckning en regim lyckas nå politisk stabilitet beror enligt denna studie på i vilken utsträckning olika nyckelgrupper accepterar regimen samt på tillgången på trovärdiga politiska alternativ till den rådande ordningen. Politiska ledare kan använda sig av olika slags strategier för att bli accepterade med tonvikt på legitimitet, ekonomiska resultat eller tvång.



Utrikespolitisk förändring analyseras inom fem problemområden: regimstabilitet, säkerhetspolitik, handels- och ekonomisk politik, nationell identitet och autonomi. Sådan förändring förklaras utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk som betraktar utrikespolitisk förändring, såväl som utrikespolitisk stabilitet, som resultatet av en dragkamp mellan faktorer som driver på förändring och faktorer som stabiliserar den förda politiken. Sådana faktorer återfinns både inom landet och internationellt och de kan också ibland hänföras till kognitiva aspekter eller till karaktärsdrag hos den förda politiken.



Analysen av kopplingen mellan strategier för att nå inrikespolitisk stabilitet, å ena sedan, och utrikespolitisk förändring, å den andra, har inspirerats av teorier om politik som ett tvådimensionellt spel, teorier om utrikespolitisk anpassning, och teorier kring olika sidor av statens agerande.



I sin empiriska del behandlar avhandlingen ungersk politik under närmare fyrtio år (1956-1994). Denna period omfattar tre relativt distinkta perioder: Kádár-perioden (1956-1988), den socialistiska regimens fall och övergången till demokrati (1988-90), och de första åren av demokratiskt styre (1990-94). Under János Kádárs tid vid makten skedde en förskjutning i fråga om val av legitimitetsstrategi. Efter hand kom regimen att i allt lägre grad förlita sig på tvång som främsta instrument för att i stället alltmera fokusera på resultat, främst i ekonomiska termer. Denna strategi underbyggdes internationellt genom en öppning mot Väst, först genom ökad handel men senare även inom mera känsliga områden med direkt koppling till Ungerns säkerhetspolitiska doktrin.



Även om regimen under en tid lyckades uppnå politisk stabilitet slog dessa strategier så småningom tillbaka. Misslyckade ekonomiska reformer, framväxten av politiska alternativ, regimens förlorade tro på sin egen rätt att styra och, slutligen, förändringar i Moskvas hållning under Gorbatjov underminerades den socialistiska regimen och ledde till en demokratiseringsprocess som nådde sin kulmen 1989.



Efter övergången till demokrati hoppades den första regeringen kunna uppnå politisk stabilitet mera baserad på legitimitet än på ekonomiska resultat. Denna strategi visade sig mindre framgångsrik såtillvida att regeringen föll i parlamentsvalet 1994, även om det politiska systemet i sig aldrig var utsatt för något verkligt hot. Under dessa år förändrades samtidigt utrikespolitiken mera radikalt även om dessa förändringar enligt studien kan betraktas som en logisk fortsättning på en politisk riktning som hade fastställts redan under den socialistiska regimen. Under den återinförda demokratin förblev kopplingen stark mellan landets inrikes- och utrikespolitik. Ungern tryckte på för att snabbt bli medlemmar av NATO och EU i hopp om att främja säkerhet, politisk stabilitet och ekonomiskt välstånd alltmedan landet frigjorde sig från sitt tidigare beroende av Moskva. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Hyde-Price, Adrian, University of Leicester
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
WTO, comecon, CMEA, gorbachev, antall, kádár, ethnic minorities, hungarian politics, hungary, political opposition, authoritarian regime, reference society, two-level game, stabilisers, foreign policy change, foreign debt, economic reform, democratisation, coercion, legitimacy, regime stability, political stability, warsaw pact, CSCE, OSCE, EU enlargement, NATO enlargement, Political and administrative sciences, Statsvetenskap, förvaltningskunskap
in
Lund Political Studies
issue
143
pages
360 pages
publisher
Department of Political Science, Lund University
defense location
Edens hörsal, 1:a våningen
defense date
2006-05-24 10:15:00
ISSN
0460-0037
ISBN
91-88306-56-9
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
63a82e08-86b5-4d20-8d82-230906ba577b (old id 25868)
date added to LUP
2016-04-04 10:20:59
date last changed
2019-07-03 20:17:14
@phdthesis{63a82e08-86b5-4d20-8d82-230906ba577b,
  abstract     = {{Domestic and foreign policy cannot always be kept apart. A change of Government at national level may impact on foreign policy, and foreign policy adventures sometimes translate into consequences at home. Links between domestic and foreign policy may be limiting as well as enabling factors for Governments who find themselves at the cross-roads between national and international power. This study combines theory about political stability, at national level, with theory about foreign policy change, focusing on (1) strategies used by the political leaders to build and maintain political stability, (2) change in foreign policy, and (3) links between the two. The degree of political stability in a country, it is argued, depends on the extent to which key groups accept the regime and on the existence of credible alternatives to the current regime. The leaders may resort to different strategies to become accepted, focusing on legitimacy, performance or coercion. Foreign policy change is analysed in five areas, namely regime stability, security, trade and economic policy, national identity, and autonomy. It is explained on the basis of a theoretical framework that sees foreign policy change, or the lack of it, as the outcome of a struggle between ?promoters of change? and ?stabilisers of foreign policy?, at various levels. The analysis of the links between foreign policy change and strategies to achieve political stability has been inspired by theories about the two-level game, ?adaptation? and the ?two faces of state action?.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Empirically the study covers Hungarian politics during close to forty years (1956-94). This period comprises three distinct phases ? the ?Kádár era? (1956-88), the fall of the Socialist regime and transition to democracy (1988-90) and the first years of democratic governance (1990-94). It points to a shift in legitimation strategies under János Kádár, away from coercion as a prime instrument and focusing more on performance, mainly in economic terms. This strategy was supported by opening up towards the West, first in the area of trade but later also on more sensitive issues, such as the security doctrine. While political stability was achieved for some time, these strategies hit back. Unsuccessful economic reforms, the emergence of a political alternative, the regime's loss of belief in its right to rule and, finally, change in Moscow under Gorbachev, undermined the Socialist regime and led to a process of democratisation starting in 1989.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Under democracy, the first Government hoped to base political stability more on legitimacy than on performance. This strategy was unsuccessful in the sense that the Government fell, although the political system as such was never under threat. Foreign policy continued to change in a more dramatic way, although such change can be seen as a logical continuation of a direction which had been defined already under the Socialist regime. Under democracy, links between domestic and foreign policy continued to be strong. Hungary pushed for rapid accession to NATO and the EU to promote security, political stability and economic prosperity as the country liberated itself from its previous dependence on Moscow.}},
  author       = {{Niklasson, Tomas}},
  isbn         = {{91-88306-56-9}},
  issn         = {{0460-0037}},
  keywords     = {{WTO; comecon; CMEA; gorbachev; antall; kádár; ethnic minorities; hungarian politics; hungary; political opposition; authoritarian regime; reference society; two-level game; stabilisers; foreign policy change; foreign debt; economic reform; democratisation; coercion; legitimacy; regime stability; political stability; warsaw pact; CSCE; OSCE; EU enlargement; NATO enlargement; Political and administrative sciences; Statsvetenskap; förvaltningskunskap}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{143}},
  publisher    = {{Department of Political Science, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund Political Studies}},
  title        = {{Regime Stability and Foreign Policy Change : Interaction between Domestic and Foreign Policy in Hungary 1956-1994}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/5518011/26661.pdf}},
  year         = {{2006}},
}