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Masculinities at work. Male-to-male internet escorting in Italy and Sweden

Bacio, Marco LU (2023)
Abstract
This research aims to map and analyse the phenomenon of male sex workers (specifically men who sell sex to other men) in Italy and Sweden. While female sex work has been studied by several scholars worldwide, there is a lack of attention on the male side of the phenomenon. This gap in the academic literature mirrors a more general “invisibility” and “misconception” of the issue in other domains: in politics, the press, and in public opinion. Moreover, although masculinity is a powerful concept in both sociology and gender studies, previous investigations have forgotten to analyse sex work from this viewpoint. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to analyse sex work from the perspective of masculinity in order to understand what... (More)
This research aims to map and analyse the phenomenon of male sex workers (specifically men who sell sex to other men) in Italy and Sweden. While female sex work has been studied by several scholars worldwide, there is a lack of attention on the male side of the phenomenon. This gap in the academic literature mirrors a more general “invisibility” and “misconception” of the issue in other domains: in politics, the press, and in public opinion. Moreover, although masculinity is a powerful concept in both sociology and gender studies, previous investigations have forgotten to analyse sex work from this viewpoint. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to analyse sex work from the perspective of masculinity in order to understand what types of relationships are created between sex workers and their clients and what role is played by masculinity; how the relation is shaped by it. Indeed, the first part of this contribution is devoted to the concept of masculinity and to which declinations of masculinities sex workers embody in their encounters with other men, considering the behaviour of both “straight” and “gay” male sex workers. Reflections on the construction of discourses about differing identities in male sex work are particularly useful to understand how – in the cultural contexts of northern and southern Europe – the masculinities involved can re-adapt to the normative gender order which requires the femininisation of men who have sex with other men, and the constant flaunting of a masculinity that can contribute to pluralisation of sexual desires and sexual subjectivities. Since selling sex and sexual services is perceived as a stigmatised activity, especially for those men who self-identified as “heterosexuals”, men who engage in these behaviours need to find ways to justify their presence in the market. At the same time, it is possible to observe the growing presence of self-identified homosexuals in sex work. In the analysis, the behaviour of these two categories of sex workers is then compared to understand differences and commonalities regarding the type of masculinity employed. Indeed, doing sex work is also a way to do masculinity, a means through which sex workers can elevate themselves under different perspectives: socially, economically, and culturally. The research deals with these issues and grapples with the different sides of the phenomenon through a qualitative methodology. In-depth interviews with forty-five sex workers (the so-called “supply-side”) were carried out in Milan and Stockholm to examine the working conditions of sex workers and the types of relationships they establish with their clients. Today, male sex work is strongly related to the use of the internet, new media, and mobile applications (or “apps”). Therefore, it becomes important to analyse how new technologies have shaped this activity and what type of relations they generate in terms of both social class and educational credentials. Another object of this investigation is the encounter between sex workers and clients, with the focus being on the strategies that sex workers employ and on how emotions and pleasure become instruments of these relations. Indeed, despite previous feminists’ opinions that this relationship is charged with power – that exercised by clients over sex workers – it will be showed that power has a more nuanced presence in male sex working and that the sex workers themselves employ different ways to handle their relationships with clients. The last point touched on deals with clients themselves and their characteristics. If male sex workers have been relegated to the margin, their clients are even more marginalised. In the final part of this research some of the primary traits of clients are highlighted along with the motivation behind their decision to buy sex, according to sex workers’ perceptions. All in all, this study shows that sex work in general, and male sex work in particular, can be analysed as an actual job and those who work in the field in the same way as other types of workers. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Avhandlingens syfte är att kartlägga och analysera fenomenet manliga sexarbetare, specifikt män som säljer sex till andra män, i Italien och Sverige. Medan kvinnors sexarbete har studerats av många forskare runt om i världen, har den manliga sidan av detta fenomen inte uppmärksammats i samma grad. Kunskapsluckan inom forskningen speglar en mer generell osynlighet eller brist på förståelse för dessa frågor även inom andra områden – inom politiken, i massmedierna och bland allmänheten. Dessutom har tidigare forskning underlåtit att analysera mäns sexarbete som ett uttryck för maskulinitet, trots att maskulinitetsforskning är viktig inom både sociologi och genusvetenskap.
Därför är huvudsyftet med denna studie att analysera sexarbete ur... (More)
Avhandlingens syfte är att kartlägga och analysera fenomenet manliga sexarbetare, specifikt män som säljer sex till andra män, i Italien och Sverige. Medan kvinnors sexarbete har studerats av många forskare runt om i världen, har den manliga sidan av detta fenomen inte uppmärksammats i samma grad. Kunskapsluckan inom forskningen speglar en mer generell osynlighet eller brist på förståelse för dessa frågor även inom andra områden – inom politiken, i massmedierna och bland allmänheten. Dessutom har tidigare forskning underlåtit att analysera mäns sexarbete som ett uttryck för maskulinitet, trots att maskulinitetsforskning är viktig inom både sociologi och genusvetenskap.
Därför är huvudsyftet med denna studie att analysera sexarbete ur maskulinitetsperspektiv för att förstå vilken typ av relationer som skapas mellan sexarbetarna och deras kunder och hur relationen präglas av maskulinitetsuttryck.
Första delen av avhandlingen handlar om begreppet maskulinitet och vilka typer av maskulinitet som sexarbetarna förkroppsligar i mötet med andra män. Den undersöker beteendet hos både ”straighta” och ”homosexuella” manliga sexarbetare. Att analysera konstruktionen av de olika identitetsdiskurser som är närvarande i manligt sexarbete är viktigt för att förstå hur olika typer av maskuliniteter – i två kulturella kontexter i norra och södra Europa – kan förhålla sig till den normativa genusordning som förutsätter en feminisering av män som har sex med andra män. Dessutom blir det viktigt att analysera deras ständiga iscensättande av maskulinitet, vilket kan bidra till en mer pluralistisk uppsättning av sexuella begär och sexuella subjektiviteter. Eftersom det uppfattas som en stigmatiserande verksamhet att sälja sex och sexuella tjänster till andra män, speciellt för dem som identifierar sig som ”heterosexuella”, måste de män som ägnar sig åt detta finna ett sätt att motivera sin närvaro på marknaden. Samtidigt är det möjligt att iaktta en ökning av andelen manliga sexarbetare som identifierar sig som homosexuella. Avhandlingen jämför dessa två kategorier sexarbetare för att analysera likheter och skillnader i maskulinitetsuttryck. Att sälja sex blir också ett sätt att iscensätta maskulinitet, genom vilket sexarbetarna kan höja sig själva på olika sätt, socialt, ekonomiskt, kulturellt.
Studien behandlar dessa frågor och angriper de olika sidorna av fenomenet med användning av kvalitativ metod. Den bygger på djupintervjuer med fyrtiofem sexarbetare, genomförda i Milano och Stockholm. På grundval av detta empiriska material analyserar avhandlingen sexarbetarnas arbetssituation och de olika typer av relationer som de etablerar med kunderna. Idag är sexarbete i hög grad förknippat med internet, nya typer av medier och mobilapplikationer (”appar”). Därför blir det också viktigt att analysera hur de nya teknologierna formar deras aktiviteter och relationerna de etablerar i förhållande till både socialklass och utbildningsnivå. Ett viktigt studieobjekt för avhandlingen är själva mötet mellan sexarbetare och kunder, där fokus ligger på vilka strategier sexarbetarna använder sig av och hur känslor och njutning blir delar av dessa relationer. I strid med tidigare feministers övertygelse att denna typ av relationer bygger på en enkelriktad maktutövning av kunderna över sexarbetarna, visar avhandlingen hur makt spelar en mer nyanserad roll i manligt sexarbete, och att sexarbetarna själva utvecklar olika sätt att hantera relationen till kunderna.
Slutligen diskuteras också kunderna själva, deras personlighet och bevekelsegrunder. Om manliga sexarbetare setts ner på, så är deras kunder ännu mer marginaliserade. I sista delen av avhandlingen behandlas några viktiga kännetecken hos kunderna och även deras motiv för att köpa sex, såsom det uppfattas av sexarbetarna. Sammanfattningsvis visar denna avhandling att sexarbete i allmänhet, och manligt sexarbete i synnerhet, kan analyseras som arbete och sexarbetare som arbetare på samma sätt som vid andra typer av arbetsforskning. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Sanders, Teela, University of Leicester
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Male sex work, Masculinity, Prostitution, Sexual markets, Clients, Italy, Sweden
pages
238 pages
publisher
Lund University (Media-Tryck)
defense location
Aula di seminari, Via Conservatorio 7, Milano, Italien
defense date
2023-05-11 14:00:00
ISBN
978-91-8039-649-3
978-91-8039-650-9
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
73733370-0c02-4a28-9139-3598be8e2007
date added to LUP
2023-04-04 13:29:17
date last changed
2023-04-14 11:36:20
@phdthesis{73733370-0c02-4a28-9139-3598be8e2007,
  abstract     = {{This research aims to map and analyse the phenomenon of male sex workers (specifically men who sell sex to other men) in Italy and Sweden. While female sex work has been studied by several scholars worldwide, there is a lack of attention on the male side of the phenomenon. This gap in the academic literature mirrors a more general “invisibility” and “misconception” of the issue in other domains: in politics, the press, and in public opinion. Moreover, although masculinity is a powerful concept in both sociology and gender studies, previous investigations have forgotten to analyse sex work from this viewpoint. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to analyse sex work from the perspective of masculinity in order to understand what types of relationships are created between sex workers and their clients and what role is played by masculinity; how the relation is shaped by it. Indeed, the first part of this contribution is devoted to the concept of masculinity and to which declinations of masculinities sex workers embody in their encounters with other men, considering the behaviour of both “straight” and “gay” male sex workers. Reflections on the construction of discourses about differing identities in male sex work are particularly useful to understand how – in the cultural contexts of northern and southern Europe – the masculinities involved can re-adapt to the normative gender order which requires the femininisation of men who have sex with other men, and the constant flaunting of a masculinity that can contribute to pluralisation of sexual desires and sexual subjectivities. Since selling sex and sexual services is perceived as a stigmatised activity, especially for those men who self-identified as “heterosexuals”, men who engage in these behaviours need to find ways to justify their presence in the market. At the same time, it is possible to observe the growing presence of self-identified homosexuals in sex work. In the analysis, the behaviour of these two categories of sex workers is then compared to understand differences and commonalities regarding the type of masculinity employed. Indeed, doing sex work is also a way to do masculinity, a means through which sex workers can elevate themselves under different perspectives: socially, economically, and culturally. The research deals with these issues and grapples with the different sides of the phenomenon through a qualitative methodology. In-depth interviews with forty-five sex workers (the so-called “supply-side”) were carried out in Milan and Stockholm to examine the working conditions of sex workers and the types of relationships they establish with their clients. Today, male sex work is strongly related to the use of the internet, new media, and mobile applications (or “apps”). Therefore, it becomes important to analyse how new technologies have shaped this activity and what type of relations they generate in terms of both social class and educational credentials. Another object of this investigation is the encounter between sex workers and clients, with the focus being on the strategies that sex workers employ and on how emotions and pleasure become instruments of these relations. Indeed, despite previous feminists’ opinions that this relationship is charged with power – that exercised by clients over sex workers – it will be showed that power has a more nuanced presence in male sex working and that the sex workers themselves employ different ways to handle their relationships with clients. The last point touched on deals with clients themselves and their characteristics. If male sex workers have been relegated to the margin, their clients are even more marginalised. In the final part of this research some of the primary traits of clients are highlighted along with the motivation behind their decision to buy sex, according to sex workers’ perceptions. All in all, this study shows that sex work in general, and male sex work in particular, can be analysed as an actual job and those who work in the field in the same way as other types of workers.}},
  author       = {{Bacio, Marco}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-8039-649-3}},
  keywords     = {{Male sex work; Masculinity; Prostitution; Sexual markets; Clients; Italy; Sweden}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University (Media-Tryck)}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Masculinities at work. Male-to-male internet escorting in Italy and Sweden}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/142569512/Thesis_Marco_Bacio.pdf}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}