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X-BASE the first terrestrial carbon and water flux products from an extended data-driven scaling framework, FLUXCOM-X

Nelson, Jacob A. ; Walther, Sophia ; Gans, Fabian ; Kraft, Basil ; Weber, Ulrich ; Novick, Kimberly ; Buchmann, Nina LU ; Migliavacca, Mirco ; Wohlfahrt, Georg and Šigut, Ladislav , et al. (2024) In Biogeosciences 21(22). p.5079-5115
Abstract

Mapping in situ eddy covariance measurements of terrestrial land–atmosphere fluxes to the globe is a key method for diagnosing the Earth system from a data-driven perspective. We describe the first global products (called X-BASE) from a newly implemented upscaling framework, FLUXCOM-X, representing an advancement from the previous generation of FLUXCOM products in terms of flexibility and technical capabilities. The X-BASE products are comprised of estimates of CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and for the first time a novel, fully data-driven global transpiration product (ETT), at high spatial (0.05°) and temporal (hourly) resolution. X-BASE estimates the... (More)

Mapping in situ eddy covariance measurements of terrestrial land–atmosphere fluxes to the globe is a key method for diagnosing the Earth system from a data-driven perspective. We describe the first global products (called X-BASE) from a newly implemented upscaling framework, FLUXCOM-X, representing an advancement from the previous generation of FLUXCOM products in terms of flexibility and technical capabilities. The X-BASE products are comprised of estimates of CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and for the first time a novel, fully data-driven global transpiration product (ETT), at high spatial (0.05°) and temporal (hourly) resolution. X-BASE estimates the global NEE at −5.75 ± 0.33 Pg C yr−1 for the period 2001–2020, showing a much higher consistency with independent atmospheric carbon cycle constraints compared to the previous versions of FLUXCOM. The improvement of global NEE was likely only possible thanks to the international effort to increase the precision and consistency of eddy covariance collection and processing pipelines, as well as to the extension of the measurements to more site years resulting in a wider coverage of bioclimatic conditions. However, X-BASE global net ecosystem exchange shows a very low interannual variability, which is common to state-of-the-art data-driven flux products and remains a scientific challenge. With 125 ± 2.1 Pg C yr−1 for the same period, X-BASE GPP is slightly higher than previous FLUXCOM estimates, mostly in temperate and boreal areas. X-BASE evapotranspiration amounts to 74.7 × 103 ± 0.9×103 km3 globally for the years 2001–2020 but exceeds precipitation in many dry areas, likely indicating overestimation in these regions. On average 57 % of evapotranspiration is estimated to be transpiration, in good agreement with isotope-based approaches, but higher than estimates from many land surface models. Despite considerable improvements to the previous upscaling products, many further opportunities for development exist. Pathways of exploration include methodological choices in the selection and processing of eddy covariance and satellite observations, their ingestion into the framework, and the configuration of machine learning methods. For this, the new FLUXCOM-X framework was specifically designed to have the necessary flexibility to experiment, diagnose, and converge to more accurate global flux estimates.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Biogeosciences
volume
21
issue
22
pages
37 pages
publisher
Copernicus GmbH
external identifiers
  • scopus:85210292850
ISSN
1726-4170
DOI
10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Publisher Copyright: © Author(s) 2024.
id
73a775c9-170b-447d-b36c-a6cf999b0343
date added to LUP
2024-12-04 20:23:49
date last changed
2025-05-19 10:08:28
@article{73a775c9-170b-447d-b36c-a6cf999b0343,
  abstract     = {{<p>Mapping in situ eddy covariance measurements of terrestrial land–atmosphere fluxes to the globe is a key method for diagnosing the Earth system from a data-driven perspective. We describe the first global products (called X-BASE) from a newly implemented upscaling framework, FLUXCOM-X, representing an advancement from the previous generation of FLUXCOM products in terms of flexibility and technical capabilities. The X-BASE products are comprised of estimates of CO<sub>2</sub> net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and for the first time a novel, fully data-driven global transpiration product (ET<sub>T</sub>), at high spatial (0.05°) and temporal (hourly) resolution. X-BASE estimates the global NEE at −5.75 ± 0.33 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup> for the period 2001–2020, showing a much higher consistency with independent atmospheric carbon cycle constraints compared to the previous versions of FLUXCOM. The improvement of global NEE was likely only possible thanks to the international effort to increase the precision and consistency of eddy covariance collection and processing pipelines, as well as to the extension of the measurements to more site years resulting in a wider coverage of bioclimatic conditions. However, X-BASE global net ecosystem exchange shows a very low interannual variability, which is common to state-of-the-art data-driven flux products and remains a scientific challenge. With 125 ± 2.1 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup> for the same period, X-BASE GPP is slightly higher than previous FLUXCOM estimates, mostly in temperate and boreal areas. X-BASE evapotranspiration amounts to 74.7 × 10<sup>3</sup> ± 0.9×10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>3</sup> globally for the years 2001–2020 but exceeds precipitation in many dry areas, likely indicating overestimation in these regions. On average 57 % of evapotranspiration is estimated to be transpiration, in good agreement with isotope-based approaches, but higher than estimates from many land surface models. Despite considerable improvements to the previous upscaling products, many further opportunities for development exist. Pathways of exploration include methodological choices in the selection and processing of eddy covariance and satellite observations, their ingestion into the framework, and the configuration of machine learning methods. For this, the new FLUXCOM-X framework was specifically designed to have the necessary flexibility to experiment, diagnose, and converge to more accurate global flux estimates.</p>}},
  author       = {{Nelson, Jacob A. and Walther, Sophia and Gans, Fabian and Kraft, Basil and Weber, Ulrich and Novick, Kimberly and Buchmann, Nina and Migliavacca, Mirco and Wohlfahrt, Georg and Šigut, Ladislav and Ibrom, Andreas and Papale, Dario and Göckede, Mathias and Duveiller, Gregory and Knohl, Alexander and Hörtnagl, Lukas and Scott, Russell L. and Zhang, Weijie and Hamdi, Zayd Mahmoud and Reichstein, Markus and Aranda-Barranco, Sergio and Ardö, Jonas and de Beeck, Maarten Op and Billesbach, Dave and Bowling, David and Bracho, Rosvel and Brümmer, Christian and Camps-Valls, Gustau and Chen, Shiping and Cleverly, Jamie Rose and Desai, Ankur and Dong, Gang and El-Madany, Tarek S. and Euskirchen, Eugenie Susanne and Feigenwinter, Iris and Galvagno, Marta and Gerosa, Giacomo A. and Gielen, Bert and Goded, Ignacio and Goslee, Sarah and Gough, Christopher Michael and Heinesch, Bernard and Ichii, Kazuhito and Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni and Klosterhalfen, Anne and Knox, Sara and Kobayashi, Hideki and Kohonen, Kukka Maaria and Korkiakoski, Mika and Mammarella, Ivan and Gharun, Mana and Marzuoli, Riccardo and Matamala, Roser and Metzger, Stefan and Montagnani, Leonardo and Nicolini, Giacomo and O’Halloran, Thomas and Ourcival, Jean Marc and Peichl, Matthias and Pendall, Elise and Reverter, Borja Ruiz and Roland, Marilyn and Sabbatini, Simone and Sachs, Torsten and Schmidt, Marius and Schwalm, Christopher R. and Shekhar, Ankit and Silberstein, Richard and Silveira, Maria Lucia and Spano, Donatella and Tagesson, Torbern and Tramontana, Gianluca and Trotta, Carlo and Turco, Fabio and Vesala, Timo and Vincke, Caroline and Vitale, Domenico and Vivoni, Enrique R. and Wang, Yi and Woodgate, William and Yepez, Enrico A. and Zhang, Junhui and Zona, Donatella and Jung, Martin}},
  issn         = {{1726-4170}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{11}},
  number       = {{22}},
  pages        = {{5079--5115}},
  publisher    = {{Copernicus GmbH}},
  series       = {{Biogeosciences}},
  title        = {{X-BASE the first terrestrial carbon and water flux products from an extended data-driven scaling framework, FLUXCOM-X}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024}},
  doi          = {{10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024}},
  volume       = {{21}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}