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Cost-Effective and Rapid Detection of Tetrodotoxin Using Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes via In Vitro Electrophysiology and Electrochemistry

Pandurangi, Naga Adithya Chandra ; Santafe, Manel M ; Tudo, Angels LU ; Ozsoy, Nagihan ; Sureda, Fransesc X ; Dallas, Mark L and Katakis, Ioanis (2025) In Toxins 17(9).
Abstract

The real-time, cost-effective detection of marine toxins like tetrodotoxin (TTX) remains a significant challenge for the scientific community. Traditional methods, including cell-based assays (CBAs), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and automated patch clamp (APC), are time-consuming, requiring expensive lab-based equipment and highly trained personnel. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and immunosensors may not be suitable for toxin analogues. Thus, a simplified approach has been developed in this study, which involves the electrophysiological and electrochemical interrogation of N2a cells grown on ITO-coated glass electrodes by measuring extracellular field potentials (EFP) in... (More)

The real-time, cost-effective detection of marine toxins like tetrodotoxin (TTX) remains a significant challenge for the scientific community. Traditional methods, including cell-based assays (CBAs), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and automated patch clamp (APC), are time-consuming, requiring expensive lab-based equipment and highly trained personnel. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and immunosensors may not be suitable for toxin analogues. Thus, a simplified approach has been developed in this study, which involves the electrophysiological and electrochemical interrogation of N2a cells grown on ITO-coated glass electrodes by measuring extracellular field potentials (EFP) in conjunction with whole-cell patch clamp recordings and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements both before and after incubation with TTX. The ITO substrate proved biocompatible and non-toxic for N2a cells. TTX exposure caused 102% inhibition in EFP values at 300 nM, confirmed by sodium current inhibition of 93% at 300 nM and 22% at 1 nM in patch clamp studies (IC 50 = 6.7 nM). EIS measurements indicated concentration-dependent impedance changes in the range of 6-300 nM. This research aims to provide a proof-of-concept for integration of electrophysiological and electrochemical approaches to simplify toxin detection systems.

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author
; ; ; ; ; and
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
keywords
Tetrodotoxin/analysis, Animals, Tin Compounds/chemistry, Electrodes, Mice, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Electrochemical Techniques/economics, Dielectric Spectroscopy, Cell Line, Tumor
in
Toxins
volume
17
issue
9
article number
462
publisher
MDPI AG
external identifiers
  • scopus:105017014961
  • pmid:41003526
ISSN
2072-6651
DOI
10.3390/toxins17090462
language
English
LU publication?
no
id
8338b635-4025-4758-b3a5-69f280aea930
date added to LUP
2025-09-30 13:32:46
date last changed
2025-10-29 06:50:05
@article{8338b635-4025-4758-b3a5-69f280aea930,
  abstract     = {{<p>The real-time, cost-effective detection of marine toxins like tetrodotoxin (TTX) remains a significant challenge for the scientific community. Traditional methods, including cell-based assays (CBAs), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and automated patch clamp (APC), are time-consuming, requiring expensive lab-based equipment and highly trained personnel. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and immunosensors may not be suitable for toxin analogues. Thus, a simplified approach has been developed in this study, which involves the electrophysiological and electrochemical interrogation of N2a cells grown on ITO-coated glass electrodes by measuring extracellular field potentials (EFP) in conjunction with whole-cell patch clamp recordings and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements both before and after incubation with TTX. The ITO substrate proved biocompatible and non-toxic for N2a cells. TTX exposure caused 102% inhibition in EFP values at 300 nM, confirmed by sodium current inhibition of 93% at 300 nM and 22% at 1 nM in patch clamp studies (IC  50 = 6.7 nM). EIS measurements indicated concentration-dependent impedance changes in the range of 6-300 nM. This research aims to provide a proof-of-concept for integration of electrophysiological and electrochemical approaches to simplify toxin detection systems. </p>}},
  author       = {{Pandurangi, Naga Adithya Chandra and Santafe, Manel M and Tudo, Angels and Ozsoy, Nagihan and Sureda, Fransesc X and Dallas, Mark L and Katakis, Ioanis}},
  issn         = {{2072-6651}},
  keywords     = {{Tetrodotoxin/analysis; Animals; Tin Compounds/chemistry; Electrodes; Mice; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Electrochemical Techniques/economics; Dielectric Spectroscopy; Cell Line, Tumor}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{09}},
  number       = {{9}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  series       = {{Toxins}},
  title        = {{Cost-Effective and Rapid Detection of Tetrodotoxin Using Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes via In Vitro Electrophysiology and Electrochemistry}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins17090462}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/toxins17090462}},
  volume       = {{17}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}